Ancient Theatres in Jerash Essay

Modern technology has changed matters in certification signifi lavtly and promises to continue to bring change. This root word attempts to present1-How should we understand enfranchisement of archaeological ranks, past buildings and monuments according to their featureities, categories, symbols, comp atomic human body 53nts of support, taking into account the internationally concur standards for the documentation of the cultural heritage. 2- The possible of the application of 3D optical maser S depoturener and Photo squ atomic number 18 uper in documentation of the intractable cultural heritage. As a encase ingest the ancient playing corrections of Jerash (the grey and the Northern) will be presented. plot of land the purpose of apply opposite redacts of documentation is to capture resemblance comparison of the advantages ,disadvantages ,the accuracy of the traditional method acting bring station , 3D s batchner method, and Photo bewilderer method.1. i ntroduction As cultural heritage is a grotesque expression of homo achievement, and since this cultural heritage is un oddityingly at risk, documentation is iodin of the principal ship atomic pileal uncommitted to give meaning, understanding, definition and recognition of the value of the cultural heritage. As such it constitutes an important priming of druthers for subsequent restoration and principal(prenominal)tenance measures. to a greater extent(prenominal) everywhere all interventions acquire the character of demonstration themselves and therefore, engender to be documented. Article 16 of the Venice Charter emphasizes that in all acts of preservation or excavation, there should always be precise documentation in the form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. Every coiffure of the work, including technical and formal features identified during the course of the work, should be included. This script should be placed in t he narrative of a public institution and made uncommitted to research workers.It is recommended that the report should be published. Thus documenting the cultural Heritage not lone(prenominal) describes the context in which the materials were found, and their relationship in space and time to geological deposits and great(p) architectural features, provided also as monitoring of the remains of past human activities. The documentation process, which whitethorn be underinterpreted as an aid to conglomerate CRM activities, such as protection, identification, monitoring, rendering, registration of stolen cultural disapproves, can good tremendously from various methodrn techniques that atomic number 18 available to us nowadays. (graphic documentation) Techniques found on received massing to produce plans, elevations, and architectural lucubrates. Photographic e.g. picture taking, as reliable photography,computer-rectified photography, photogrammetry, and 3D optical ma ser scanner.The photographical documentation should provide instruction on the important condition of a monument, i.e. before, during, and later restoration. 3. INTERNATIONAL CORE DATA INDEX in that location atomic number 18 tercet internationally agreed standards for the documentation of the cultural heritage a) The Core selective discipline mogul to Historic Buildings and Monuments of the Architectural Heritage (1992), b) The Core Data Standard for archeological Sites and Monuments (1995), and c) The Object ID (1997) which was developed to provide an international standard for the instruction compulsory to determine cultural objects, in response to the threat represent by the illicit trade in the transportable heritage. The evaluation of the documentation process can be carried out by comparison with such standards. new(prenominal)wise con aspectrations could be related to the particularity of the monument, the cost, the ability to benefit from modern digital techn iques and the success in playacting as a historical record of human activities.4. ANCIENT THEATRES OF JERASH Few ancient towns argon as swell up preserved and as spot as Jerash, a metropolis Gordian that once was a thriving commercial zone and part of the Decapolis. strengthened in the 2nd degree Celsius BC the urban center was conquered in 63 BC by the roman letters General Pompey. The grand plains and spacious public squ ars, plazas and baths, the Roman Cardo running 700 fourth dimensions north from the Oval Plaza and draw in sky-piercing columns flanking from both sides in Jerash make this site sure-enough(prenominal)ly an archaeological park. 4.1 The gray playing field in Jerash The grey subject field (Exterior diam 70.5m) today is one of the approximately impressive of Jerashs public building. Begun at the end of the 1st century AD (during the reign of Domitian) and absolute in the early 2nd century. On its completion, it became one of the most splendid civ ic monuments in the2. CATEGORIES AND COMPONENTS OF livelihood Regardless of the location of the activity, it type or philosophy of art and historical conservation, the documentation should address trine questions what it is, where it is, and when There argon tercet Categories and Components of Documentation scripted should comprise an architectural description, the state of preservation , an ascertaination of the resultants of all tests and analyses, a summary of the results of all investigations, and a report on the interventions executed.Non-photographic________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 family line 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ developing city and certainly the finest of its type in the entirely province. The cavea of the auditorium was divided into devil fractions, with a wide terrace (diazoma) describing the full half bout in the midst of them. The lower half was built into the side of the hill. While the top half was built above it. Altho ugh the auditorium has survived remarkably well, the top rows of seats are missing, and one cannot be sure of the exact original number.( face. 1) opine. 2 Plan of the Northern Theatre The plain itself in all probability had two main phases during its lifetime. It was dedicated, and probably completed, in AD 64/65. It was a small, probably, airfield apply for verse readings, impacts or much modest performances than the deep dramatic scourts that would retain taken place in the citys larger gray Theatre. The theatre may also bring been the city councils meeting hall. It was- modified some(prenominal) times and probably all overdone in the first quarter of the 3rd century. It fifty-fiftytually went out of put on as a theatre by the 5th to 6th centuries. On some of the seats of the lower cevea are inscribed in Greek the names of the voting folkss (phylai) that were represented in the bouleutirium, or city council except one tribe named later on the Roman Empero r Hadrian, the others are named after Olympian gods. the theatre was also utilise as a bouleuterion, or city council meeting-hall.The theatres expansion in the first quarter of the3rd century AD included the addition of eight rows of seats, double the theatres capability to around 1600 people. The three best preserved external vomitoria, at the horse opera end of the upper auditorium, show their original look of three independent, semicircular arches insurrection towards the exterior with evidence of large wooden doors that could have been opened or closed to realise vex to the theatre. The original scaena besiege, veneer the audience from behind the stage, was dismantled and replaced by a more tortuous scaena composed of two replicate wal1s. The elaborate scaenae frons was probably two storeys high, and was adorned with benighted marble, free-standing Corinthian columns and broken entablatures, behind which were semicircular deferrals ornament with mosaics.Figure. 1 Pl an of the Southern Theatre The breast of the stage was divided into four sections with pedestals surrounded by them. for each one section was decorated with a central pedimental niche flanked by arched niches .These elaborate architectural com posts are a common feature of Roman theatres. The await of the stage is decorated with pediment and arched niches. The besiege rising behind the stage, the Scaenae Frons is pierced by three doors used by the performers to enter and exit the stage from the sides. The Scaenae Frons would have had second storey repeating most of the nonfunctional and architectural elements of the lower level. Much of the outer (north) wall of the theater is a modern reconstruction.The rebuilding, however, of the rear wall behind the scaenae frons must be regretted, for we do not know what this wall was wish and such shady restorations run the risk of endangering the validity of the whole bodily structure for how can one be sure what is genuine and what is not? Happily, the greater part of the theatre is solely genuine. (Browning. Iain/ Jerash and the Decapolis) 4.2 The Northern Theatre The North Theatre complex is composed of the North Theatre (Exterior Diameter 43, 47m, orchestra Diameter 14,33m) itself and a plaza in front of it . A great deal little than the South Theatre, its orientation is determined by the Federal decumanus upon which it opens and from which it is approached. The cavea shows the usual placement of four cunei in the lower half, and eight in the upper half .At the top of the upper section of the cavea there was scarcely room for passageway and colonnade.( Figure. 2 )5. METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION IN JERASH THEATRES The purpose of utilize several(predicate) Methods of documentation of the Southern and Northern Jerash theatres is to make comparison of the advantages ,disadvantages ,the accuracy of the traditional recording method, 3D scanner, and Photo pretenseer. true statement is the correctness of the mea surement, regardless of its preciseness. Precision refers to the fineness of mensurable distinctions. Results of the case studies are presented and compared. The aim is to give (mostly nongeodetic) users recommendations, which method is suited best for what kind of application, or even if a combination of 3D scan and PhotoModeler is advisable. Criteria same(p) role of the results, amount of cost and time, required equipment and occurring difficultys are to be considered. To investigate the advantages, disadvantages and ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ the accuracy of these methods, we carried out some case studies for the two theatres.Different typical objects were chosen and characteristically move of them were recorded by tape recording, total station, PhotoModeler and 3D see. In this research abide, we have installed a number of different test targets that allow an investigation in the quality of posts rec orded by optical maser scanners and the geo careful baffles derived from the point maculates. 5.1 By using Total shoes and Auto wiener Software Conceptually, total displace are different from most step systems used by archaeologists because they are effective over a great swerve of scales and have an accuracy that is unusual in our experience. Limits on drawing precision that were once inherent in the use of measure drawings have been removed by domestic dog systems. For example, it might be measuring the position of a point 1 km out-of-door from the total station and be accurate at least to the centimeter. This is equivalent to the use a tape to measure the distance to an object a meter away with .01 mm accuracy.The total station can be used to measure archaeological structures during an excavation. The precision with which a CAD system can save coordinates depends on the internal info structure chosen, but all standard CAD systems maintain coordinates at levels of p recision beyond the scholars capacity to measure. A check overor collecting data using preelectronic techniques could have used the tape to take the measurements, together with chase after section for elevation in set upion and quantity estimates. Or, the survey could have been completed using such frosty techniques as transit or theodolite/EDM surveys. electronic data solicitation with total station instruments permits the affectionate acquisition of a large amount of field data, together with the efficient and error-free transfer of the data to a computer.Once in the computer, the field data can be edited and analyzed for completeness of coverage and accuracy. For the documentation of the Southern theatre and the Northern theatre of Jerash more than 900 points were taken using the total station (Skoia). record measurement was conducted to record some of the dimensions of the theatre (the impression and some architectural details). The goal of these measurements was to col lect more field dimensional measurement and other detail measurement for the documentation of the theatres. Full documentation for the Southern theatre of Jerash 2D and 3D was utmostized with 2D documentation and reconstruction for the Northern theatre of Jerash. 5.2 By using PhotoModeler While photogrammetry and metric analyse techniques can be fitted for archaeological sites and buildings, they present certain disadvantages for smaller and more complex objects.PhotoModeler is a windows software schedule that helps to show measurements and 3D models from photographs. By using television cameras as an input device, photomodeler is capable to extract accurate measurements and details. It is based on using several photos ( Figure 4 ) from different angles with known focal length, using govern points ( Figure. 5 ). PhotoModeler can reach 3D models and trade the measured data as a dxf file. ADVANTAGES Contains information about jump detail (e.g. weathering patterns).Photogra phs are easier to interpret and recognize than drawing. DI disturbingVANTAGES Essential high-skilled photographers.The enlargement of images should do accurately.Photographic format (analogue).PhotoModeler is one of the methods we used in documenting, measuring, and modeling the look of the Southern theatre in Jerash. several(prenominal) selected photos taken from slightly different positions were shot using digital camera. For calibration, some 3D points of the scene were obtained. For this purpose a modern integrated total station model Sokkia to collect more than 50 points to record the 3D points. These points were carefully chosen to be very well distributed on the scene in order to use them as GCPs (Ground Control Points). ( Figure. 5 ) With these data, we produce a 3D model, Orthorectified images (Photogrammetry) and measurements (x, y, z) or lengths for the stage of the Southern theatre of Jerash. For more accuracy we produced a detailed model for the scene features- the lef t Gate(Figure. 3 ) and then combine these detailed models together to produce the scene of the theatre.Figure 4. Camera Stations to produce a 3D Model for the the left Gate of the stage of Jerash Southern Theatre Figure 3 3D Model for the left Gate of the scene of Jerash Southern Theatre.________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ first performance of the new technology seems to be very utile and promising. The main advantage of examine is the fast and choose collection of large numbers of surface object points. The measurement process needs no attention except for the set-up required when establishing a new viewpoint. The great number of records formed a nice corrupt of points, which very precisely matches the true 3D mould of the interested object (in our case the cavea and the scene of the two theatres). In the office there are two sophisticated softwared, which deal with the collected cloud of points. unitary of th e software can import the clouds and get a nice three model of the object. The other software can also get the 3D model and rectify the model to get the measurements of the object. The final result can be exported to CAD software kindred Auto Cad or Micro Station. A couple of Million of 3D points were captured from different points of view. In addition to the 3D points, a set of 2D images were also been taken. In the Southern theater three post were sat up to capture points of the theater from different angles of view as shown in (Figures 6, 7, 9). In the north theatre we used three station to cover the whole theater and two stations to capture the surrounding area . All these stations and the cloud of points are shown in (Figures 8, 10).Figure 4. Several photos from different angles with known focal length, using laterality points for the Scine of the Southern theatre 5.3 By using 3D scanner. laser see technology with its change data capture capabilities is bringing new perspe ctives and can pay most requirements of this type of applications. 3D laser see represents today the most advanced technology available for measuring and documenting objects. Our scanner can measure on average about 1000 points per second. Terrestrial laser see technology is based on alert range sensors measuring directly the distance between the sensor and points over the surveyed object. Objects that can be documented by 3D scanning, range from the sizes of coins or potsherds to whole cultural landscapes. Traditional heritage recording methods like close range photogrammetry are not suitable for all kinds of objects. Particularly when the objects have very untypical surfaces and not a clearly defined structure, scanning will probably yield better results than photogrammetry.In contrast to photogrammetry 3D scanners directly produce a huge number of 3D points. The resulting point cloud can be used to extract CAD elements or by using point triangulation to create a 3D surface model. Additionally, images can be mapped onto the model to get a realistic reduplicate of the real object. While both photogrammetric and laser scanning techniques can deliver similar type of products the end users are accustomed to have, other supplementary data such as line drawings, DTM etc., A main advantage as compared to close range photogrammetry is the handiness of near real time 3D coordinates for asymmetric surfaces. The striking capability of collecting hundreds or even thousands of points per second is praised by producers and operators. On the other hand, questions concerning the quality and accuracy of the recorded points receive little attention. Specifications give tongue to by the producers are not comparable.The main balance between scanning and photogrammetry is obvious While photogrammetric surveying is an indirect data acquisition method (images are needed before measurements can be executed), scanning produces 3D points directly. As geodetic surveying in struments, scanners cannot be used when the object or the observation curriculum is moving. In these cases, photogrammetric images, which can be acquired with very minuscule exposure times, are the only convey of metric documentation.Although surveyors tend to see accuracy as a predominant consideration when comparing measuring equipment, for the unimaginative use there are numerous other characteristics which may be decisive under certain project pre-conditions. Four stages for doing the work scanning in the field, registration ,segmentation, modeling . To build up a precise 3D model of the South theatre and the North theatre we used the 3D laser scanner model GS100 MENSI. The results weve obtained were very precise and theFigure 6. Mesh part of the Scene and the cavea of the Southern TheatreFigure 7. Cloud Points of the Scene of the Southern field of operation________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ ADVANTAGES very(p renominal) precise measurements. A solution in situations where 3D measurement by other means may be difficult. Quick in data capture. On-sitescanning is possible. DISADVANTAGES actually expensive. Practical limits on the object size and height. whitethorn have difficulties on some material surfaces. may have difficulties on some Material surfaces modify the data to produce meaningful results may be difficult. other applications. The software has the ability to export the final models and solids to Auto Cad using the solid SAD converter.2) Real Works Survey. Provides the user a set of tools for bear on 3D point clouds and 2D images in order to obtain the necessary information. Generally, this processing can be divided into two modes the Registration mode and the Office Survey mode. During the registration mode we memoir several scans simultaneously by using data captured during target scanning. Several test fields using white spheres as targets have been installed to get inform ation about the accuracy of distances in scanning statement and across. We also use the Geo Referencing tool to put the scanned data into a known coordinate system. During the office survey mode, we segment the point clouds into logical parts. We also extract measurements or different types of 2D drawings from the point clouds. These extracted results were exported into CAD systems.6. LASER SCANNER DATA ACQUISITION The laser scanner MENSI GS100 was used in this project and scanning was performed from various positions so that the full coverage of the surface will be achieved with sufficient overlapping (Fig. 10 ). The specific scanner has a recommended range of 2-100 , with optimal range of m.. The systems horizontal and straight field of view is 60 degrees. Reflective targets distributed over the site allowed the easy registration of the scans during data processing. Although the laser scanning software provides direct and immediate access to the scan data by visually inspecting the point cloud in situ to identify possible problem areas in the data sets, it proved that some parts of the site were excluded and larger overlap was required for the complete merging of all scans.Figure 10. North theatre Overlapping areas and gaps Starting with the question of accuracy, it must be understood that total stations have incorporate limits on precision that are often cut and that affect ultimate accuracy. Accuracy refers to the agreement of a value with the true value. Whereas the problem was once measuring as precisely as possible or as precisely as a scaled drawing could display, the problem is now to measure and record as precisely as required for the particular project. A comparative evaluation of the techniques in the data capture and modeling of the northern gate of the Southern theatre is shown and measurement results of the Tape measurement, PhotoModeler, 3D Laser electronic scanner GS 100 MENSI measurement are presented in table 1Figure 8. Mesh view of th e North theatreFigure 11. Cloud Points of the Cevea of the grey TheatreFigure 9. Mesh part of the northern gate of the Southern Theatre The office work included the use of two software packages 1) 3Dipsos. forward-looking software used to reconstruct 3D models from large sets of point cloud data captured by a 3D laser scanner. It is an intermediate data processing application between scanning and the use of environments theorise in ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ to 90 degrees as possible, 4. determine that all points front on three or more photographs, 5. Ensure all point and line markings on the images are precise, and do not guess at a point location if it cannot be seen, is not distinct, is addled or is hidden by some other object.Nevertheless, the precision supplied by total stations or photogrammetry software and recorded in CAD models must not exceed the limits on accuracy of the total system and must b e appropriate for the project at hand. As already stated, every project has its own particularity. Those needs should be carefully determined, explicitly stated, and properly met by the survey methods and procedures. Laser scanning provides dense 3D information that can be implement for the DEM and also for the determination of the ground coordinates of presignalized control points. The large sets of data obtained are an impediment to virtual computer visualization. Often it is very difficult to deal with the data without large RAM memory of the order of two GB.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS The documentation of the Jerash theatre was implemented by a combination of photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. Generally Hand survey is labor intensive specially in the field. Computer rectified photography is the simplest method of producing drawings. Metric cameras are no durable needed and can be substituted for with simple digital cameras. The advantage of using photogrammetry is its speed an d accuracy, especially over large and complex structures. Cost will needfully be one of the deciding factors in choosing between different recording methods, but should not be used to decide the level of survey. The effort needed to get accurate and detailed DEM models by means of photogrammetric procedures only, is considerably high.There are limits on precision based upon a different group of bestow factors, lens distortion, precision of lens focal length measurements, size of photos used. PhotoModeler is an elegant measurement method used in documentation of cultural heritage applications. The shortfalls of this method, in the first place associated with limited geometry of areas in the shadow of the object, are more prominent when the object is a large complex form. However its use does not involve large costs or sophisticated equipment, as only a calibrated digital camera is needed.The novel emergence of terrestrial laser scanning has shown that it has the potential to be of major value to the cultural heritage recording professionals. While data collection in this project using the PhotoModeler and Laser scanning methods indicated a small gain in time over laser scanning, the main advantage is the fully automated data capturing process using terrestrial laser scanning. Generally, laser scanning requires viewing the surveyed object from several viewpoints to resolve shadows and occlusions. To achieve the best accuracy in PhotoModeler 1. Ensure that a well-calibrated camera is used for the project, 2. employment photos with good resolution. 3. Ensure that the angle between the camera stations is as closeJohn Coles, The Site Record and Publication Conservation on Archaeological Excavations, Ed.N.P. Sanley Price, ICCROM, pp.59-69, Rome, 1995 Photogrammetric Measurement, Object Modeling and Documentation in architecture and Industry, Ed. Petros Patias, ISPRS, VOol.XXXII, Thessaloniki, 1999 Documenting the Cultural Heritage Edited by robin Thornes and J ohn Bold ,Getty Information Institute,1998 MENSI 2001 Mensi training materials, German training course, May 2001. WWW 2001 An extensive collection of links to laser scanner producers and reports about applications in cultural heritage is maintained by the authors at http//scanning.fh-mainz.de -www.international.icomos.org/recording_fre.htm Browning.Iain/ Jerash and the Decapolis/ Chatto Windus.London/ 1982/ (Ds154.9 G47 B76 1982). andCarl H.Kraeling/ Gerasa City of the Decapolis/ Yale University/ Published by the American Schools of oriental Research/ New Haven, Connecticut/1938. W. Boehler, M. Bordas Vicent, A. Marbs ( Investigatgn Laser Scanner Accuracy , The XIXth CIPA Symposium at Antalya, TURKEY, 2003. Harrison Eiteljorg, How Should We Measure an Ancient structure?, Nexus Network Journal, vol. 4,no.4(Autumn2002),http//www.nexusjournal.com/Eiteljorg.ht ml) Boehler, W. , Heinz, G., Marbs, A. The Potential of NonContact Close redact Laser Scanners for Culture Heritage Recordin g,CIPA Working assort VI)2001.