Outdoor-lifestyle retailer Essay

Executive Summary BBQfun will be the leading outdoor-lifestyle retailer, catering to the growing need for furnishing new and renovated dwellings in the greater Brisbane area. The assortment offer of BBQs, outdoor furniture and BBQ accessories will position BBQfun as best inclass for outdoor-lifestyle retailing. BBQfun will reinvent the way people shop for outdoor-lifestyle products. BBQfun will build its reputation on offering the fullest assortment of products possible in our chosen fields, incorporating both local and imported goods with products sold on easy to manage long-term payment plans. Our after sales service and 3 year guarantees will find traction with a market dominated by low-quality. Situation Analysis BBQfun is close to entering its fifth year of operation. Te initial rollout of stores has been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. The store offers wide-ranging outdoor-lifestyle items on easy to manage payment terms and supplies a three year guarantee on every item sold. The basic market need is for quality, fashionable and unique outdoor-lifestyle items that caters to the house-proud needs of our market. Market Summary BBQfun possess good information about the market and knows a great deal about the common attributes of our most prized and loyal customers. BBQfun will leverage this information to better understand who is served, their specific needs, and how BBQfun can better communicate with them. Market Demographics †¢ Accessibility. The patron can gain easy access to the store with minimal wait. †¢ Customer service. The patron will be impressed with the after sales service and Guarantees. †¢ Competitive pricing. All products/services will be competitively priced relative to comparable high-end outdoor-lifestyle lines. Above all, BBQfun believes that easy to access stores with extensive choices in our chosen fields, that are sold on an easy to manage payment plan with a three year guarantee are the keys to our customer’s needs and wants. Market Trends The market trend for outdoor-lifestyle stores is headed toward a more sophisticated and informed customer. The outdoor-lifestyles patron today relative to yesterday is more sophisticated in a number of different ways. †¢ Item quality. The preference for high-quality items is increasing as customers are learning to appreciate the qualitative differences. †¢ Unique. Our patrons appreciate the opportunity to include outdoor-lifestyles in their home that stand out from the mass produced and sold low quality items. †¢ Selection. People are demanding a larger selection of choices, they are no  longer accepting a limited offer in outdoor-lifestyles. The reason for this trend is that within the last couple of years there has been an explosion of media in the form of TV shows and magazines that have promoted exotic and different outdoor-lifestyles. Our patrons no longer need to accept a limited number of options. With more choices, patrons have become more sophisticated. This trend is intuitive as you can observe a more sophisticated patron in larger city markets such as Sydney or Melbourne where there has been more choices available. BBQfun strongly believes that customers are more interested in range of products, after sales service and easy to manage payments than any other issues. These are the reasons that they will shop with us and become loyal patrons. Technological developments with the broadband rollout across greater Brisbane and Australia is opening up significant opportunities for internet shopping and for providing information for our customers about our product range. Market Growth In 2008, the National outdoor-lifestyle market reached $300 million dollars. Outdoor lifestyle sales are estimated to grow by at least 6% for the next few years. This growth can be attributed to several different factors. The greater disposable household income from the two income families, the greater availability of affordable and interesting quality imports with the high value of the Australian dollar and the marketing by popular TV shows like ‘Homes Beautiful’ and ‘Better Outdoor-lifestyles’. Economy Based on economic forecasts, BBQfun assumes that interest rates are staying steady and so will have no affect on disposable income. The same assumption is made about employment levels, where BBQfun assumes that unemployment levels remain the same at 4.7%. Political From research carried out, BBQfun identified that the Government focus and emphasis in future legislative direction will be about ‘growing the economy’ and ‘population base which BBQfun sees as a positive for their business model. There is also a strong push for environmentally sound business practices in the legislative framework. BBQfun, as business operating in Australia, will abide by the law in all its dealings and comply with all legislation that impacts on its business activities. SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing BBQfun. Strengths †¢ Excellent staff who are highly skilled and knowledgeable about outdoor-lifestyles. †¢ Great retail space that is bright, functional and efficient for a commercial urban district. †¢ High customer loyalty among repeat customers. †¢ Assortment offerings that exceed competitors offerings in quality, range and accessibility. Weaknesses †¢ A limited marketing budget to develop brand awareness due to the lack of critical mass and store cover. †¢ The struggle to continually fund the growing long term repayment plans taken out by our customers. Opportunities †¢ A growing market in a high growth area with a significant percentage of the target market still not aware of BBQfun’s offer. †¢ Increasing sales opportunities outside of our target area – greater Brisbane. Threats †¢ Competition from local independents that can reduce prices as owner operators lower than our staff run stores. †¢ Competition from National chains moving into the Brisbane market. †¢ A slump in the economy reducing customer’s disposable income spent on outdoor-lifestyles. Competition National Competition †¢ The Yard: has a limited selection but significant depth. All Australian made. No significant marketing or promotion. The price point is high, but the quality of products are quite good. Not in Brisbane. Mostly in Sydney and Melbourne. †¢ BBQ’s R us: Broad range of outdoor-lifestyle products including trinkets and furnishings. Lots of cheap imports. Concentrating on established markets. Strong in the replacements segment. Not in Brisbane. Mostly in Melbourne and Adelaide. †¢ Outdoorz: Large operations of only a few stores per city. Mass markets outdoor lifestyles at good value prices. No imported goods. Extensive advertising. Low to medium quality. Not in Brisbane. Strong in the replacement segment rather than new and refurbished  dwellings. Strong in other capital cities. Local Competition †¢ All independents. These stores are owned by individual owner operators. Ranges vary according to owner preferences. Very little imports. Mostly retailing Australian manufactured goods. Collectively their average item sale price is $250, have a market share of 48%, and are growing at about 8% per year. BBQfun do not see the competitors changing their marketing strategy or product offer in the foreseeable future. Growth and Share Analysis New dwellings – growth in potential customers 10%. Estimated Brisbane customer numbers in 2010 is 95,000. Renovations – growth in potential customers 7%. Estimated Brisbane customer numbers in 2010 is 35,000. Replacement – growth in potential customers 5%. Estimated Brisbane customer numbers in 2010 is 120,000. Service Offering BBQfun has created a outdoor-lifestyles range of retail products that are differentiated and superior to competitors. Customers can see the quality of the product as it is displayed in the stores. The following are characteristics of the product: 1. BBQfun’s credit offer is backed by a top tier bank. 2. Imported products make up 33% of the assortment. 3. The 3 year guarantee is unique in the market place. 4. Broadest possible range in chosen fields. BBQfun’s prides itself on providing service that is on par if not better than any of the local independent stores and far in excess of the national chains. BBQfun will ensure that all aspects that are involved in the delivery of satisfaction to the customer will work using an integrated approach. At a Glance–The Prototype BBQfun Store: †¢ Location: a commercial, suburban neighbourhood, or urban retail district. †¢ Design: bright and functional. †¢ Size: 1,000 to 1,500 m2. †¢ Employees: 15 to 20 full time plus casuals †¢ Types of transactions: 60% cash, 40% on long term repayment plan. Keys to Success Location. BBQfun’s site selection criteria are critical to success. Scott Bremmer, former partner of an international chain, helped us identify the following site selection criteria: †¢ New dwelling populations. †¢ Shopping patterns requiring easy access. †¢ Customer car parking counts. Critical Issues BBQfun is still in the speculative stage as a possible franchise concept or joint venture. Its critical issues are: †¢ Committed to sales growth which allows for greater options in import assortments and in reduced price with volume buys. This will promote our uniqueness and contribute to improved profit margins. †¢ Continue to finance the easy manage long term repayment plan for customers. †¢ Locate in easy access sites close to the growing markets in new dwelling development. Marketing Strategy BBQfun’s advertising budget is set at $250,000 for the year. The advertising program will target local letter-box drops, radio and magazines. BBQfun’s will do direct mail and local advertising, with coupon inserts in the BrisNews magazine likely to be the most successful of the campaigns. BBQfun will try to get articles about BBQfun into the BrisNews magazine. Previous features in the BrisNews magazine has seen a dramatic increase of sales immediately after the article was published. Mission BBQfun’s mission is to provide customers with the most extensive assortment of quality outdoor-lifestyle products available in the market. Our after sales service is second to none supported by our easy to manage long term repayment plans which make unique, imported and high quality outdoor-lifestyle affordable to all. BBQfun exist to attract and maintain outdoor-lifestyle customers wishing to purchase products that give our customers pride in their homes. Our services will exceed the expectations of our customers. Marketing Objectives 1. Increase sales from $15million per year to $20million per year in the next  three years 2. Increase our loyalty customers list from 10,000 to 16,000. 3. Establish brand recognition in Brisbane so that at least 2 in 3 people recognise our brand in a random survey taken in 18 months time. 3.3 Financial Objectives 1. A double-digit growth rate for each future year. 2. Reduce the overhead per store through disciplined management of expenses. 3. Continue increase our gross profit margins. Target Marketing The market can be segmented into three target populations: †¢ New dwellings – generally want to purchase entire suites. Typically shopped as couples. Price sensitive to a point but co-ordination is the highest priority. †¢ Renovations – demand for high quality and different items. Unique and exotic over rides price concerns. †¢ Replacement – basic functional products that replace and broken or worn item. Single shopper. Cheap price required. The BBQfun customers are mostly aged between 20 and 50, making up 50% of the new and renovated dwelling market. Outdoor-lifestyle stores have been very successful in stand alone, extensive car park access, close to new housing estates being established. These areas have families who have household disposable incomes of over $40,000 per year. Combining several key demographic factors, BBQfun arrives at a profile of the primary customer as follows: †¢ Sophisticated people who are house proud. †¢ Shoppers who will drive to an easy to access store. †¢ A customers who requires payment plans to spread their commitment over an extended period. †¢ Renovators and new home builders †¢ 20-50 year olds Positioning BBQfun will position itself as a broad assortment, quality, unique outdoor-lifestyle retailer. Brisbane consumers who appreciate high-quality and uniqueness will recognize the value and unique offerings of BBQfun. Patrons will be single as well as families, ages 20-50. BBQfun’s positioning will leverage their competitive edge: †¢ Product. The product will be wide ranging, quality and unique. It offers the house proud customer a different  option from the cheap mass produced offer prevalent in the market †¢ Service. BBQfun offer the only 3 years guarantee in the market. Our easy play payment scheme is just what our mortgage repaying customers welcome. Our experienced staff can assist with product knowledge second to none in the industry. By offering a superior service in range and uniqueness, BBQfun will excel relative to the competition and achieve our objectives. Strategy Pyramids The single objective is to position BBQfun as the premier outdoor-lifestyles store in the greater Brisbane area, commanding a majority of the market share within five years. The marketing strategy will seek to first create customer awareness regarding their services offered, develop that customer base, and work toward building customer loyalty and referrals. The message that BBQfun will seek to communicate is that BBQfun offers the widest, most exotic, easy access outdoor-lifestyle products in Brisbane. This message will be communicated through a variety of methods. The first will be direct mail. The direct mail campaign will be a way to communicate directly with the consumer. BBQfun will also use ads and inserts in Brizzy magazine.The last method for communicating BBQfun’s message is through a grassroots PR campaign. This campaign will invite people from Brizzy for lunch to get articles written about BBQfun into the news. Because of this level of effectiveness and low/zero cost, BBQfun will work hard to get press in the Brizzy. BBQfun also believe that the local patrons far prefer to receive information from the store via flyers in the letterbox. Marketing Mix BBQfun’s marketing mix is comprised of these following approaches to pricing, distribution, advertising and promotion, and customer service. †¢ Pricing. While BBQfun will price at comparable prices for comparable quality, it will not be cheap. We push value over cheap and back this up with a 3 year guarantee. †¢ Distribution. BBQfun products will be distributed through a chain of retail stores which customers can access easily via the large car parking arrangements. †¢ Advertising and Promotion. The most successful advertising will be ads and inserts in the Brizzy as well as a PR campaign of informational articles and reviews also within the Brizzy. Promotions will take the form of in store entertainment and competitions with prizes to exotic overseas destinations. †¢ Customer Service. BBQfun’s philosophy is  that whatever needs to be done to make the customer happy must occur, this investment will pay off with a fiercely loyal customer base who is extremely vocal to their friends with referrals. Product development It is envisaged that new products will be developed on a regular basis in line with changes in customer taste which is targeted at every 12 months. The plan for product testing is to engage market research firms. By getting feedback from these firms, changes can be made or products ‘canned’ so that only tested and proven products make it onto the store assortment list. Marketing Research During the initial phases of the marketing plan development, several focus groups were held to gain insight into a variety of patrons of outdoor-lifestyle stores. These focus groups provided useful insight into the decisions, and decision making processes, of consumers. An additional source of market research that is dynamic is a feedback mechanism based on a suggestion card system in store. The last source of market research is competitive analysis/appreciation. BBQfun management will continually visit local outdoor-lifestyle stores for two reasons. The first is for competitive analysis, providing BBQfun with timely information regarding other store’s service offering. The second reason is that local business owners, are often part of an informal fraternal organization where they support each other’s business. Financials, Budgets, and Forecasts This section will offer a financial overview of BBQfun as it relates to the marketing activities. BBQfun will address Break-even Analysis, sales forecasts, expense forecasts, and how those link to the marketing strategy. Break-even Analysis The Break-even Analysis indicates that $1.1 million in sales per year will be needed to reach the break-even point. Fixed costs are estimated at $150,000. Variable costs are 40% of sales, therefore sales of $1.0 million will be sufficient to pay for the fixed and variable cost. Sales Forecast The first year of the plan will be used to get the cafe up and running. By year two things will get busier. Sales will gradually increase with profitability being reached by the beginning of year two. Gross profit is  anticipated at 50%. Ongoing sales forecasting will be to use the services of Cannon’s Consultants who will advise on all aspects of the marketing function that BBQfun will be engaged with. Cannons will also be given access to the marketing cost data so that they can periodically examine and validate marketing costs in line with industry benchmarks. They have always been the preferred consultants because they are locally based unlike the national group of consultants, Brown & Holingsworth, based in Melbourne.

Paper Analysis Twenty Hubs and No Hq

This article tries to propose advantages of an alternative strategy of global business management for MNCs. According to the authors the previous strategies of management from the Head Quarters (centralized) or Head Quarters for most functions with regional offices and country managers (decentralized) are not as efficient as management without any Head Quarters and twenty strategically placed hubs. There are compelling reasons to follow this strategy. Firstly developing countries account for a much larger chunk of the net revenue. Secondly there are untapped markets in the form of economically weaker sections in these countries and the full potential of these can not be exploited with the prevalent management strategies. Thirdly there is a huge cost saving advantage with manufacturing in low cost countries and outsourcing is just one way to realize it. The basic concept of this strategy as given by the authors is to have 20 hubs in 20 different countries – 10 developing and 10 developed which account for 70% of the population of the two worlds in each case and on the whole and much of the economic activity. According to the authors having hubs in these 20 countries MNCs can serve all the markets in the whole world more efficiently than using any of the previous strategies. These hubs will serve as a gateway for these MNCs in these regions. As such all management and manufacturing functions required by the region can be shifted to these gateway countries. This will allow the MNCs to serve customers on every level of the income pyramid. Also it will reduce the sourcing cost by 20% and corporate overhead cost by 2/3rd. The gateway hub structure can be flexible with new countries becoming hubs as and when they reach the requisite level of development and each hub sourcing goods manufactured in other hubs. According to the authors in the gateway hub model risk can be spread over 10 or more locations with manufacturing and R&D in multiple locations. This article augments the learning by teaching to challenge any concept even the concept that look as basic as the centralized management and Head Quarters. INNOVATIVE INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES The article tries to find the most relevant dimensions to use to cluster innovative international strategies to arrive at typologies that can be interpreted and used further. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL DEV IN THE PAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦YEARS INTERNATIONAL DEV IN THE NEXT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. YEARS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF THE COMPETITOR IN THE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF YOUR FIRM In this study they find out the most relevant dimensions and cluster cases according to these dimensions and identify some empirical types. The authors found the four main dimensions as Process of internationalization Segment scope Level of coordination across borders Fragments of narratives where an Innovative International Strategy WAS DESCRIBED by respondents were collected Content of fragments in the transcripts related to a firm was analysed to find the concepts used to characterize its strategy Cases that were similar to each other were clustered and formed an empirical type of IIs Major influences Footwear Competitive action :-relocation and innovative international strategy Cables and wires Struct forces:-technological intensity; new high growth markets; government intervention;comparative advantages(in cases) Paint Structural forces:- technological and marketing intensity Chocolate sugar and confectionary Structural Forces :- Marketing intensity and diff in consumption pattern across industries Competitive action:- MAA; Innovative International Strategy The authors arrived at six innovative international strategy typologies across these four industries. The main value addition from this article is how a study can be carried out to scientifically figure out the main innovative strategies and to gauge the scope of innovation and strategic management in the industry. It also helps find out the relation between strategy and the constraints under which it is developed.

Non-Verbal Behaviour and Gestures in “A Streetcar Names Desire” Essay

Task: Tennessee Williams uses very specific and detailed stage directions to indicate the emotions, thoughts and actions of his characters. Select a character from the play and discuss how his/her gestures and non-verbal behaviour serves to further reveal his/her personality traits. You might also add how his/her behaviour relates to the surroundings and cultural setting. The essay is based on Scenes 1 and 2. Word limit: 800 Tennessee Williams uses very specific and detailed stage directions to indicate the emotions, thoughts and actions of his characters in his famous play â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†. We communicate with much more than words. Most of the messages we send other people are nonverbal, these include our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and tone of voice. The ability to portrait nonverbal communication in a play, or body language, is a powerful tool which can be utilized by any author to enhance the reading experience and give the play, even though it is just on paper in words and not enacted a deeper setting and a more natural interaction with the character. It acts like an unconscious language that broadcasts the character’s true feelings and intentions at any given moment. Blanche DuBois is no different in this respect to the extent that her actions speak more for her than she does verbally, considering her being a very talkative person. In the first Scene Blanche arrives at Elysian Fields to visit her Sister Stella, here the first sign of non-verbal behaviour can be observed. Blanche gives Eunice, the co-owner of Stella’s house and up-stair neighbour, a peculiar look as she enters the house, which she first doubted to believe was in fact her Sister’s due to its weathered grey and raffish appearance. This immediately causes a reaction on Eunice’ part resulting in a defensive tone of voice. â€Å"EUNICE [defensively, noticing BLANCHE’S look]: It’s sort of messed up right now but when it’s clean it’s real sweet.† – pg. 4 The defensive tone and the knowledge of Blanche’s â€Å"look† reveals that Blanche is used to living in a clean home, perhaps a bigger one with no neighbour on the second floor. It gives the reader the impression that she feels she has entered a house not up to her standards. This awareness directly influences the way the reader reads the next line, Blanche’s reply. â€Å"BLANCHE: Is it?† – pg. 4 Even though the author has not indicated a particular tone, the reader automatically may jump to a sarcastic one, developing the reader’s first impression of Blanche further solely due to the non-verbal message sent by Eunice through her tone of voice. The next instance is fully described by Tennessee Williams in one of his many stage directions right after Eunice leaves to hustle up Stella and tell her that her Sister Blanche has arrived. Alone in the house now, â€Å"Blanche sits in a chair very stiffly and her shoulders slightly hunched and her legs pressed close together and her hands tightly clutching her purse as if she were quite cold.† – pg. 5 Her posture exposes her inner feeling towards the situation and new environment she currently is in. She feels awkward in this estranged, messy house; her hunched shoulders and pressed legs expression anxiety and uneasy adaptation to the location. Her clutching her purse, valuable belongings, may also display intimidation or mistrust to a certain extent, but this is not directly hinted by the author. Perhaps it is her next action that plays a crucial part in understanding Blanche or having a better idea of the kind of person she really is. â€Å"†¦she begins to slowly look around. (†¦) Suddenly she notices something in a half-opened closet. She springs up and crosses to it, and removes a whisky bottle. She pours a half tumbler of whisky and tosses it down. She carefully replaces the bottle and washes the tumbler at the sink. Then she resumes her seat in front of the table.† – pg. 5 This short action tells us a number of different things about Blanche; she is a secretive and cautious person, she washes the glass and replaces the bottle to its original place as if nothing had happened. She does not feel guilty of using the situation to her advantage, she enjoys it. And last but not least, the reader is hinted at that she is not the person she may seem to be from the perspectives of the other characters; she is the secret alcoholic, addict without a strong se nse of self control. Later on in Scene two Blanche reveals another facet to her character – she flirts with Stella’s husband Stanley Kowalski and later even tells her about it. But that is verbal; the non-verbal component to this is in the stage directions: â€Å"[She sprays herself with her atomizer; then playfully sprays him (Stanley) with it. He seizes the atomizer and slams it down on the dresser. She throws back her head and laughs.]† I am not sure whether one would describe â€Å"playfully spraying† as a gesture, but either way it is non-verbal and leads to the direct assumption that Blanch is in fact flirting with her Sister’s husband, quite openly. It is something that usually people simply don’t do; it tells the reader that she is a character with a weak moral stem and an interest for men which outweighs her social values and family relationships. Her body language as she â€Å"throws back her head† also points towards feeling comfortable and not intimidated under Stanley’s presence and insinuates a further relation with him that may come out later on in the play. The significance of this is not yet known at the end of Scene 2, but it leads the reader to believe she may have an eye out for her Sister’s husband. The non-verbal behaviour and gestures throughout the first two Scenes of this play are more important than one may imagine. They give depth to every characters personality traits and have a direct impact on the way the reader categorizes them and in turns the tone the reader then reads their lines in.

Discussion Board Questions 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Criminological Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Criminological Theory - Essay Example Research has proven that factors such as possession of particular genes, low levels of serotonin activity, neurological deficits, malnutrition and environmental pollution to a large extent increase the likelihood of an individual engaging in criminal activities. Lack of nutrients and mineral has a negative impact on the physical growth, cognitive development and intellectual growth of an individual and high or low levels of some minerals such as sodium, calcium and amino acids has been found to lead to cognitive dysfunctions, loss of memory and maniac behaviour which lead to increased propensity to engage in criminal behaviour. Steven Mobley, was arrested and convicted of murder for shooting the manager of Domino’s Pizza store, his lawyers presented his case for litigation as that Mobley had a history of behavioural disorders, which might have resulted in a genetic disorder that was beyond his control, they requested for funding to prove this claim that was rejected (Mobley vs State, 1995). Sociological theories Sociological theories in explaining crime causation try to relate the chances of an individual becoming a criminal to social factors such as the social structures including ethnicity, class, religion and language. Other theories emphasise on the importance of social conditions in increasing the probability of an individual engaging in criminal activities, these theories are more interested in explaining the relationship between crime and factors such as social inequality, peer, influence and social disorganisation within a community, the consequences of individuals’ inability to achieve social success. Individuals who have been brought up in communities where criminal activities are encouraged are more likely to engage in criminal activities than those where3 the activity is abhorred. In addition, difference in social classes and peer influence are likely to encourage an individual to engage in criminal activities in order to fit or as a m eans of revenging against people of higher social classes whom they view to have gained the wealth at their expense. 17 year old boy was accused of killing a woman through stabbing and strangling her, in his defence he argued that he had killed because of watching a movie titled ‘A clockwork Orange’ several times which inspired him to do bad things. The Clockwork Orange movie is about a young Briton with an empty stare who always acts according to his impulses. The movie portrays the character with his gang being involved in rape incidences in the streets of London, it was criticised for the levels of violence in it and later withdrawn from circulation in the country (Anonymous, 1990). . Psychological theories Psychological theories in explaining the propensity of an individual to engage in criminal activity are concerned with the relationship between crime and personality traits, social factors, cognitive and developmental factors, these theories focus on individuals, family or the societal psychology. Research on the psychological aspect of explaining criminal behaviour show that developmental factors such as parental supervision, neglect, child-rearing practices, attachment, abuse and the parent own behaviour or engagement in criminal activ

Virtual Reality Endangers Our Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Example of Advertisement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Example of Advertisement - Assignment Example For instance, Nike Company has to advertise different football uniforms as well as well the soccer ball. In doing so, it will be intending to attract more clients to buy its products. First, the company starts by introducing itself to its clients (Burges, 2007). For instance, the Nike advert states that; Nike is a multinational company that specializes in the production of quality sports material at an affordable cost, meeting our customer demand is our primary responsibility. The sports products we offer include football uniforms, boots as well as socks among other things in the sports industry. The advert will be targeting various football clubs across the world. The company will have to use social media as a marketing strategy to reach many people in short time. In addition, it will be targeting fans of particular sport or sportsman or woman because many individuals like associating themselves with their respective heroes. The primary purpose of an advertisement is to attract customers into the company thus boosting company image before the public. In addition, the promotion is supposed to change the perception of individuals or consumers towards that particular product (Burges, 2007). Moreover, the development strategy is also meant to increase sales volume of the company thus increasing its profitability. The advert message will be to convince the client about the quality of the product. In addition, the letter will also affirm the client on the ability of the company to deliver timely products as per

Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Anemia - Essay Example The body may also fail to generate red blood cells to lead to the shortage in the body. Alternatively, the rate of degeneration of red blood cells may be higher than the rate of regeneration to identify shortage into anemia. Anemia also exists in different forms and examples are â€Å"iron deficiency anemia,† â€Å"vitamin deficiency anemia,† â€Å"anemia caused by underlying diseases,† and anemia that results from hereditary diseases (Women’s Health, 2012, p. 1). Symptoms exist that indicate possible existence of anemia and examples include â€Å"fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, low body temperature, pale skin, and shortness of breath† (Women’s Health, 2012, p. 1). Existing tests for the condition are limited to physical examination on the symptoms and treatments such as blood transfusion, suppression of the immune system, facilitated generation of red blood cells, and consumption of necessary supplements exist. The treatments focus o n each cause of the condition. In severe conditions, anemia can lead to cardiac arrest (Chem,

Thomas Coram in the Enlightenment period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thomas Coram in the Enlightenment period - Essay Example Key to the drivers of enlightenment were the ability to use and celebrate the ability to reason, and the power by which human beings could understand the universe and improve the conditions under which they lived. They worked towards the achievement of rational humanity goals which they considered to freedom, knowledge, and freedom. To achieve this, different people played different roles the best way they knew how. Philosophers were at their best speaking out their philosophical ideas, artists trying their best to pass different messages through their works of art, and other great thinkers as well. One Thomas Coram was a philanthropic captain, and he played a big role in shaping the young children who were suffering from abject poverty and their parents could not maintain them. He started a charitable foundation whose storyline is inspirational as to how big his heart was, and a how big a dream he had.During the eighteenth century, London was full of dualism. It comprised of a hedon istic and gullible crowd that always collided with men who were keen on doing good and constructive work. At that time, one of the greatest social problems ailing was the mind-boggling number of children that had been abandoned by their parents for good, and those who had been left at the mercies of the parish.It had always happened that illegitimate children would be taken to the parish to take care of them. These included children whose parents were too poor to support them or others who had become negligent enough not to care for them.

ART METAL SCULPTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ART METAL SCULPTURE - Essay Example The location of this sculpture is outside East Entrance Parking Lot N, a campus setting. Harold’s metal sculpture resembles two joined elliptical forms whose common joint acts as resting base in an ample clearance or setting. On its two sides, these elliptical forms bear a common inclination angle such that from a distance when viewing from its wide side resembles an eagle flying with its outstretched wings but swung in certain equal inclinations at both sides. Joinery of this work encompassed welded steel and Corten before flattened in such a way at the middle. The entire artwork its sculptor has painted it dark brown color, which makes it come out clearly from its settings bearing natural vegetative colors. Specifically, these are green, bright, and blue sky from the background. Hence, inducing a calmness, refreshing and relaxing moods evident in the way these colors as well as settings of the entire sculpture compliment each other. The location of this work is outside East Entrance Parking Lot N, which is a campus setting. Its entire structure rests on a flattened joinery where the two elliptical forms give an impression of meet at the central point; hence, the sculptor here utilizes the aspect of balance to ensure it is upright. Viewing from its four sides, the viewer only manages to see two identical sides. These include the two sides, front side and the rear one. Sculptor in making his work utilized welded and Corten steels with the intention of bringing out machinery effect. This is because many elliptical objects or forms are quite evident in engineering field whereby smooth and well-curved surfaces gives an implication of keenness by the artists and those represented by the object. Its smoothness and side view elevation gives an implication of heightened skill in making fabricated materials. Consequently, this symbolizes a resourceful center characterized with impeccable ways of attaining their

Analysis of problem and literature review Essay

Analysis of problem and literature review - Essay Example ication problems, the researcher will develop a multiplication practice game called ‘Competition of Multiplication Table.’ To determine the importance of this program, the researcher will conduct related literature review and perform two personal interviews with selected math teachers. Cognitive learning plays an important role in enabling the students to understand the basic concept behind multiplication table. The process of cognitive learning involves the transfer of basic information presented to them to the students’ memory. On the other hand, affective learning usually involves the learners’ emotions. According to Chickering (2006) and Owen-Smith (2004), cognitive learning should go together with affective learning in order to maximize the learning experience of each student. environment should be free from any object(s), material(s) or event(s) that could trigger negative emotions such as anger, depression, anxiety, etc. Gllligan and Bower (1984) emphasises the impact of mood swings over the cognitive learning of the students. A poor learning environment could significantly prevent the students from being able to consciously learn and remember specific information. In general, students are able to recall everything that they have learned in class or experience in life either through our short-term and long-term memory. Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968: 89 - 195) highlights the importance of ‘short-term memory’ or the ‘working memory model’ in relation to several learning activities particularly the mental arithmetic regardless whether it is a simple or complex problem (Hitch, 1978). Research studies have shown that the capacity of ‘working memory’ in each student is one of the major factors that contribute to the students’ individual mathematical performance. (Hoard, Geary, and Hamson, 1999) Computers and other related information communication technology (ICT) such as the multimedia serves as an essential tool in enhancing the

The Treaty of Verailles Essay Example for Free

The Treaty of Verailles Essay The World War I was over by the end of 1918 but the further situation was far from clear. The Paris conference was arranged to design the future world order, as was previously done by the Congress of Westphalia in 1648, the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Congress of Berlin in 1879. Future was unclear also because of sharp differences among leading states. The Treaty of Verailles was destined to be a core of international system for inter-war period. The involvement of the USA and China as well as establishment of League of Nations made it a truly global regulator. Added by four other treaties with former allies of Germany, the whole complex is known as the Versaille world order (added sometimes by the decisions of conference of Washington in 1921-22). Last months of the 1918 witnessed an active preparation for the conference by the states of Antante and the USA. It was agreed to be held in Paris, but the positions of allies were far from agreement. The very approach to the problem of the new world order varied extremely. France and Great Britain were eager to restore a system of multipolar equilibrium, which meant cutting Germany’s ambitions and potential in such a way that it would never become a hegemon. That desire was shared by the two countries, although France was a little bit more insistant taking into account closer neighbourhood with German power. American approach was different. Wilson’s main task was to create such an international order that could prevent wars in general, allowing for peaceful settlement of small and large disputes. That required a qualitatively new methods. One of them seemed to be the creation of universal organization as the guarantor of international law provisions and a tool for resolving conflicts. The difference of approaches was even indicated by different opinions concerning place of conference. Wilson offered one of the cities of neutral Switzerland to host peace negotiations, while Clemenceau insisted on Versailles Palace as a proper place to humiliate former German Empire. The 18 of January 1919 was the historical day when the Conference started its work. From the very beginning it was facing some rather complicated problems. In Europe in turned evident that Austro-Hungary was no longer able to remain a single state. The same was true about Russia. Thus it was no longer possible to restore a per-war system in a little bit modofoed edition. Old practice of reshuffling power among winners and losers was obsolete. Something completely new had to be installed instead. More than a dozen of new, unstable political units in Central Europe which included states and different â€Å"movements† was a serious challenge. From the one hand this vacuum of power had to be filled somehow; but from the other there was no opportunity even to try to block the proccesses of self-determination. Thus the task was to elaborate some new principles and make new states follow them. The USA were primarily concentrted on that issue. France and Great Britain had another more inportant task – solving of German problem. With this goals in mind the Conference began its work. 35 states were presented at the Conference by 70 well-known politicians and diplomats. Hundreds of experts and officials were participating. French delegation put forward the so-called â€Å"Carthago peace initiative† under which Germany was to be completely disarmed and divided. Bavaria, Rein province and Saar were under this plan to be separated from Germany and the latter was to pay a huge sum in reparations. The problem of stability and security was identical for the French side to a problem of total weakening of Germany and securing French supremacy. Besides, France aimed at creating a belt of states to the East of Germany, where French influence was to be decisive. Regarding all that the French were not enthusiastic about League of Nations, prefering well-known balance of power politics. Wilson was the first American President to participate in peace confernece in Europe. For this end he left the country for almost six months (with little exception in February and March 1919). The whole strategy of Wilson’s foreign policy was built at the time upon the rejection of old principles of isolationism, which was rather controversially treated in the US. In November 1918 the elections to Congress were won by Republicans (Wison was a Democrat), which led to a constant and firm   opposition to Wilson’s initiatives. That undermined President’s negotiation capacities as soon as the Congress was to ratify all the treaties signed by Wilson. American President presented in Paris a special doctrine of new world order, known as â€Å"14 points†. He wanted to create a special system of collective security in Europe, based upon prevention of conflicts. Two main elements of the system should have included a principle of self-determination and effectiveness of League of Nations as the embodiment of international law. What is interesting about that is that self-determination was planned for a rather limited number of nations, excluded vast colonial territories, which were ruled under mandate system. British main objective was to continue politics of splendid isolation. Although it was difficult and almost impossible under new circumstances, the British delegation did it best to secure naval supremacy as the main precondition for splendid isolation. That is why the British Prime-Minister was hard about everything that concerned naval points and sceptical about French claims about extreme limitaion of German power. One of the reasons for the latter was the fear that too hard conditions would provoke a revolution like it already happened in Russia. Italy wanted to gain several territories from the former Austro-Hungary and Ottoman Empire. Japan was after former German colonies in the Pacific and in China. British dominions, such as Australia and New Zealand also wanted to gain former German territories in the Pacific. The procedure of the Conference was designed in such a way, that all major decisions were adopted by five states: the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan. Almost all of them were initiated by the first three. Germany and Russia were not present at the Conference, the former only invited to sign the Threaty of Versailles itself. The Treaty was signed on the 28 of June 1919 at the Versailles Palace, the very place where German Empie was created in 1871, between Germany from the one hand and 26 other states from the other, excluding China, which did not sign the Treaty to protest against the transfer of Shandun to Japan. The most difficult part of the negotiations and subsequent Treaty was that dealing with borders of Germany. Alsace-Lorraine which were annexed after Franco-Prussian was in 1871, were returned to France. International government under League of Nations was established for Saar for 15 years due to the position of the USA. Left bank of the Rein was claimed non-military zone, temporarily occupied by allies, mainly French. The latter point was sharply criticized in Germany, fueling nationalist and racial extremist movements (French occupying forces contained African soldiers from colonies). Belgium received Eupen and Malmedi districts and some territories of Morene. Denmark gained northern part of Schleswig after referendum in 1920. The union of Germany and Austria was prohibited. Eastern borders of Germany were easier to define. Most difficulties emerged with Poland, which allies wanted to be strong enough. To that end Poland was to get all the territories which Prussia gained as a result of divisions of Poland in the XVIII century. Besides, Germany lost a part of Eastern Prussia and parts of Posen, from which a special â€Å"Danzig corridor† was formed to give Poland access to the sea. Besides, Danzig (Gdansk) and Memel, big Prussian ports at the Baltics, were transfered under jurisdiction of the League of Nations. The Treaty limited German military forces to 100,000 and prohibited conscription, military air forces, tanks and submarines. German navy was limited, and General Stuff was dismissed. A special reparation comission was established to settle the issue of financial consequences of war. France and Great Britain were determined to get as much money from defeated Germany as possible. Although there were some opposition to this idea (including position of John Maynard Keynes), the general sum of reparations defined later was high. Speacial article (Article 231) put a historical responsibility for initiating war entirely on Germany. That was another factor, contributing to revanchist tendencies. The Treaty of Versailles was added with Treaties of St. Germain with Austria, Trianon with Hungary, Neuilly with Bulgaria and Serves with Turkey. Together they formed a system of principles which guided international relations in Europe in inter-war period. This guidance was not effective enough. Revanche was the goal of Germany, which was too limited by the Treaty of Versailles. Nothing like an effective deterrence was offered by allies. Nor the League of Nations was an effective tool for crisis prevention. Together with extinction of Russia and self-withdrawal of the USA this made Versailles â€Å"order† too weak. Thus there were two main shortcomings in the post-war management. First, Russia and the USA were out of balance of power calculation. Stbility in Europe by the mid XX century was already impossible to achieve without those two powers. France and Britain, willing to restore a multipolar system, saw their primary goal in limiting potential hegemon. For this reason France did her best to limit German power. And for the same reason Britain was not so enthusiastic about that, fearing that France may become a potential hegemon. The raise of new states to the East of German border and, in fact, between Germany and Russia did not promote stability. Vacuum of power that was created provoked both Germany and the USSR for adopting aggressive politics in the 1930-s. Another fundamental weakness of new order was a system of economic interaction among states. A new division of states completely destroyed econimic ties in the Central and Eastern Europe. Instead of large markets within big states, Europe turned into a number of small but well-protected markets, competing with one another at all costs. Economic pressure on Germany was another factor, which increased vulnerability of European economy. All in all too much politics and too many economic order was one of the reasons for Versailles order to fail. Too comlicated situation connected with the establishment of several new states and rebuilding of the whole system of international relations in the Central and Eastern Europe demanded new approaches. Balance of power was not preserved; instead Germany’s desire to revenge was heated by the weakness of neighbouring countries. In the years that followed it became evident that European affairs can not be managed without Germany and Russia. Being the first to realize that fact, two countries signed a Treaty of Rappalo which opened way for a broad cooperation in many fields. Subsequently both joined League of Nations, which however did not mean that they reject their plans for re-making of world order. Idea of world revolution and the doctrine of revenge were too difficult for Europe to sustain. The result of all miscalculations was disastrous. The World War II was the end of 20 years armictice.

Significance of Departmental Accounting

Significance of Departmental Accounting This report has done on wide research of financial accounting. This report has five parts. First part includes departmental accounting and its significance. Second part shows a calculation for a given question. Third part includes four fundamental accounting concepts such as going concern, matching concept, prudence and consistency with examples. Forth part includes users and uses of financial accounting and statements. Finally fifth part shows a significance of local community for businesses and corporate social governance, how it began and its importance. 1.0 Departmental Accounts Departmental accounts may be stated as a procedure of book-keeping and accounting, the reason of which is to find how much profit (or loss) is made by each section or department of a business. In this context the term department means an income making department, as dealing outcomes will not be obtained for non-revenue making department for example maintenance, trading or management, etc. (Pendlebury Groves, 2004). If an enterprise comprise of five independent activities, or is divided into five departments, for carrying on separate functions, its management is generally involved in finding out the working outcomes of each department to ascertain their relative efficiencies. This can be made likely only if departmental accounts are prepared. Departmental accounts are of great help and assistance to the managements as information for commanding the enterprise more intelligently and effectively, since thereby all kinds of waste either of material or of cash are readily detected; furthermore attention is drawn to inadequacies or inefficiencies in the working of departments or units into which the enterprise may be divided (Pendlebury Groves, 2004). Significance of Departmental Accounts Preparation of Departmental accounts is helpful to the business in the following respects: Easy to comparing the performance of each departments Departmental accounts enable the businesses to compare the performance of one department with another department. It also helps an organisation to rank departments using their earning values. The overall profit on sales, namely RM 490,000 on a turnover of RM 2,730,000 is probably quite satisfactory; yet in the absence of departmental accounting the loss incurred by Department C and D would not be revealed. Easy to evaluate departmental growth Departmental accounting helps an organisation to evaluate each departmental growth separately on the basis of trading results over period of time. An endeavour may be made to push up the sales of the department which is earning maximum profit. To explain it further here is an illustration: The above table shows an individual product growth of ABC organisation for three years. Product D is a continuous loss making product whereas other products such as profit for product C is continuously decreasing over a period of time. Using departmental accounting for this organisation became easier for management to evaluate the performance of these products. Decision making Departmental accounting makes it simplier for management to make conclusions if they are having more than one product, they can actually forecast the future performance of a product. Most of the time decision includes some questions such as whether a product is profitable or not, if the product is not profitable whether they should continue to produce that product or just eliminate it, what would be consequences of eliminating a product. Here is a further interpretation using illustration 2. Management can actually decide whether they should continue to produce these five products based on their growth over a period of time. Let say product D as this product is continuously making loss since 2009, it became easier for management to decide whether they should produce product D or they should eliminate this product. Furthermore they can rank the product based on their profits. For example Product B is the most profitable product. Easy to prepare departmental budget Departmental budgeting assists an organisation to prepare budgets for each department. A budget ensures that an organisation can pay for costs for all products and dont have risk of going into debt to keep business running. To construct a complete budget, an enterprise must understand how to set aside finances for each department and understand how each department works simultaneously to make up the full-scale plan. ABC organisation can actually evaluate whether they can afford these departments or not. If we compare Department B and Department C, then B is a profitable department whereas C is loss making department. Now the management have to decide whether they can afford expenses for Department C in next year or not because they are not sure whether it can generate profit or not in next. 3.0 Four Fundamental Accounting Concepts 3.1 Going Concern Concept The going concern concept assumes that business will persist with its business activities in the foreseeable future; thus the accountant will not suppose that there is a desire to cut back on business operations or an intention to liquidate. The significance of this concept is that items should be valued not at their break-up value but at their net book value, based on the estimation of the cost of the depreciation provision. Without this assumption, preparation of the balance sheet would be much more difficult (Pizzey, 2001). Examples of going concern concept The RM 2.6 billion inventory for Sara Ltd in 2012 is reported at the cost originally paid to purchase the inventory. This is a reasonable figure because, in the normal course of business, Sara Ltd can expect to sell the inventory for this amount, plus some profit. But if it were assumed that Sara Ltd would go out of business tomorrow, the inventory would suddenly be worth a lot less. The going concern concept allows the accountant to record assets at what they are worth to a company in normal use rather than what they would sell for in a liquidation sale (Pizzey, 2001). Another example is fixed assets, we show fixed asset at cost less depreciation to rather their current value in the second-hand market, because they are held by the firm not for immediate resale, but to be used by the business until their working life is over. This is clearly an assumption on which the balance sheet is based (Pizzey, 2001). Before the accounts are certified as showing a true and fair view, the auditor must be satisfied that the company is a going concern and that it will continue to function successful in the future (Pizzey, 2001). This the profit measurement calculation is insulated from fluctuations in the value of fixed assets, and the spread of the capital cost of an asset over the years of its useful life, by depreciation, is supported by this principle (Pizzey, 2001). 3.2 Matching concept This is sometimes called the accruals principle. Its purpose is to match effort to accomplishment by setting the cost of resources used up by a certain activity against the revenue or benefits received from that activity. When a profit statement is compiled, the cost of the goods sold should be set against the revenue from the sale of those goods, even though cash has not yet been received. Expense and revenue must be matched up so that they concern the same goods and time period, if a true profit is to be computed. Costs concerning a future period must be carried forward as a prepayment and charged in that period, and not charged in the current profit and loss account. Expenses of the current period not yet entered in the books must be estimated and inserted accruals (Pizzey, 2001). Example of matching concept Jason pays rent for his guest house of 1000 RM per year, in a lump sum at the end of the year. If he did not use the accruals concept, accounts would show zero rent expenses for the first eleven months of operation and then a heavy rent expense at the end of the 12th month. In order to show more realistic and accurate monthly profit and loss accounts, he should accrue the sum of RM 1000/12 and then adjust for any differences at the end of the year. 3.3 Prudence Concept The prudence concept is often referred to as the conservatism concept. The preparation of accounts requires judgements to be made about the future and because of the uncertainties associated with this a prudent or cautious approach is required profit determination. Under this concept all expected losses should be taken into account immediately they are known about, whereas expected gains are not recognised until actually realized. An example of the widespread use of the prudence concept is closing stock valuation. The normal rules is that closing stock should be valued at cost but if the market value of the stock falls below cost then the market value should be used. This is the lower of cost or net realizable value that is generally applied to stock valuations (Pendlebury Groves, 2004). The prudence concept is clearly useful in terms of preventing over-optimistic calculations of profit to be reported. Overstatement of profit might lead excessive dividend payments being made or to incorrect investment decision being taken. However, the concept of prudence should not be taken to excess because the understatement of profit which would result might be just as misleading as overstatement and might discourage investment unnecessarily (Pendlebury Groves, 2004). 3.4 Consistency Concept In accounting there are often several acceptable ways of determining asset values and the proportion of the cost of assets that should be borne by each accounting period. The consistency concept requires there to be consistency if treatment of like items within each accounting period and from one period to the next. In other words once one of the generally accepted methods is chosen then the method should usually be used consistently from year to year (Pendlebury Groves, 2004). However, if there are compelling and justifiable reasons for changing the method of valuing a particular item. E.g. closing stock, then this is permitted under the consistency concept, but the impact of the change on current year profit and the impact the change would have had on accounts of the previous year should be reported to provide comparability (Pendlebury Groves, 2004). 4.0 Users and Uses of financial statements and accounting information There are different kinds of users of financial statements. The users of financial statements may be inside or outside the business. They use financial statements for a large variety of business purposes and their ability to understand and analyse financial statements helps them to succeed in the business world. 4.1 Classification of Users of Financial accounting Information The five users of financial statements are classified and explained as follows: Investors Investors are concerned about risk and return in relation to their investments. They require information to decide whether they should continue to invest in a business. They also need to be able to assess whether a business will be able to pay dividends, and to measure the overall performance of the business management (Riley, 2012). Customers Customers require information about the ability of the business to survive and prosper. As customers of the companys products, they have a long-term interest in the companys range of products and services. They may even be dependent on the business for certain products or services (Riley, 2012). Employees Employees are seeking security of employment and a return for the work they do. Employees would therefore be looking for indications that the company is doing well enough to continue to trade into the future and is doing well enough to continue to employ them and is able to meet the salary and wages bill each month. If there is any profit or performance related component to the remuneration they will also be interested in the company performance and how close it is to triggering the bonus payments (Riley, 2012). Government There are many government agencies and departments that are interested in accounting information. For example, the IRCE needs information on business profitability in order to levy and collect Corporation Tax. For example: Various regulatory agencies (e.g. the Competition Commission and the Environment Agency) need information to support decisions about takeovers and grants (Riley, 2012). Bankers The banks are a common source of short term funds for an organisation, and the place where cash is deposited as it is received. If the bank gives loan to the company then they will be interested in the ability of the company to pay its interest and the loan amount back on the due dates. How profitable the company is and how good it is being managed will be important areas they will look at. In the case of small businesses this will revolve around the faith they have in the owner/manager (Riley, 2012). 4.2 Classification of uses of financial accounting information Accounting provides companies with various pieces of information regarding business operations. It is often conducted by a companys internal accounting department and reviewed by a public accounting firm. Small businesses often have significantly less financial information recorded during the accounting process. However, business owners often review this financial information to determine how well their business is operating. Accounting information can also provide insight on growing or expanding current business operations (Vitez, 2012). Performance Management A common use of accounting information is measuring the performance of various business operations. While financial statements are the classic accounting information tool used to assess business operations, business owners may conduct a more thorough analysis of this information when reviewing business operations. Financial ratios use the accounting information reported on financial statements and break it down into leading indicators. These indicators can be compared to other companies in the business environment or an industry standard. This helps business owners understand how well their companies operate compared to other established businesses (Vitez, 2012). Create Budgets Business owners often use accounting information to create budgets for their companies. Historical financial accounting information provides business owners with a detailed analysis of how their companies have spent money on certain business functions. Business owners often take this accounting information and develop future budgets to ensure they have a financial road map for their businesses. These budgets can also be adjusted based on current accounting information to ensure a business owner does not restrict spending on critical economic resources (Vitez, 2012). Business Decisions Accounting information is commonly used to make business decisions. Decisions may include expanding current operations, using different economic resources, purchasing new equipment or facilities, estimating future sales or reviewing new business opportunities. Accounting information usually provides business owners information about the cost of various resources or business operations. These costs can be compared to the potential income of new opportunities during the financial analysis process. This process helps business owners understand how current business operations will be affected when expanding or growing their businesses. Opportunities with low income potential and high costs are often rejected by business owners (Vitez, 2012). Investment Decisions External business stakeholders often use accounting information to make investment decisions. Banks, lenders, venture capitalists or private investors often review a companys accounting information to review its financial health and operational profitability. This provides information about whether or not a small business is a wise investment decision. Many small businesses need external financing to start up or grow. The inability to provide outside lenders or investors with accounting information can severely limit financing opportunities for a small business (Vitez, 2012). 5.0 Why community is important for an organisation A local community is a group of interacting people sharing an environment. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999). Business activity occurs within a community, and it is important that the community is considered in major business decisions. Businesses face community in different roles such as they could be potential employees and customers who can help the organisation be successfully. Without the community there would be no business. Community can influence business in different manners such as (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999) Customers as a community Community can decrease demand for an organisations product because customers are also a part of community. If businesses affect community in a negative manner such as providing low quality product, harming environment by pollution and so on, then customers as a part of community will start reducing their demand for that particular businesses product. If demand for their product will decrease then the company would be making a serious loss and without making profit, an organisation cannot survive (Taylorr, 2010). Employees as a community Employees are also a part of community and they also have a power to influence an organisation. If an organisation does not play a good role in community, then employees can actually strike or stop working in that organisation. Labour strike is a serious problem for an organisation because it can reduce the production. Reduction in production can also be a loss making situation for an organisation (Taylorr, 2010). Investors as a community Investors also play a role as a community for an organisation. By having a bad image in community, it stops investors to invest in particular businesses because investors are concern with their return on investments. If an organisation has a bad image on community, chances are high for decrease in stock value of an enterprise, which will effect investors decision of investing in a particular organisation (Taylorr, 2010). There are many other reasons which create a value of a local community for an organisation while making decisions. The best idea for survival of an entity is to have a good relationship with local community. 5.1 Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment; it implies that negative business impacts on people and society should be acknowledged and corrected if at all possible. It may require a company to forgo some profits if its social impacts are seriously harmful to some of its stakeholders or if its funds can be used to promote a positive social good (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999). 5.1.1 How corporate social responsibility began In the United States, the idea of corporate social responsibility appeared around the turn of the twentieth century. Corporation at that time came under attack for being too big, too powerful, and guilty of antisocial and anticompetitive practices. Critics tried to curb corporate power through antitrust laws, banking regulations, and consumer-protection laws. Faced with this kind of social protest, a few farsighted business executives advised corporations to use their power and influence voluntarily for broad social purposes rather than for profit alone. Some of the wealthier businesses leaders for example steelmaker Andrew Carnegie became great philanthropists who gave much of their wealth to educational and charitable institutions. Other like, automaker Henry Ford, developed paternalistic programs to support the recreational and health needs of their employees. The point to emphasize is that these business leaders believed that business had a responsibility to social that went beyond or worked in parallel with their efforts to make profits (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999). As a result of these early ideas about businesss expanded role in society, two broad principles emerged which are: The Charity Principle and The Stewardship Principle. These principles have shaped business thinking about social responsibility during the twentieth century and are the foundation stones for the modern ideas of corporate social responsibility (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999). 5.1.2 Importance of Social Governance in businesses An easy way to build its brand, reputation and public profile Being socially responsible creates goodwill and a positive image for an organisation. Trust and a good reputation are some of companys most valuable assets. In fact, without these, one wouldnt even have a business. One can nurture these important assets by being socially responsible (Taylorr, 2010). It is however, crucial that an organisation devise the right socially responsible program for their business. When used properly, it will open up a myriad of new relationships and opportunities. Not only will an association success grow, but so will companys culture. It will become a culture which an entity, its staff and the wider community genuinely believe in (Taylorr, 2010). It attracts and retains staff Socially responsible companies report increased employee commitment, performance and job satisfaction. By attracting, retaining and engaging staff, doing well for others reduces an organisations recruitment costs and improves work productivity (Taylorr, 2010). It attracts more customers Branding business as socially responsible differentiates it from competitors. The Body Shop and Westpac are companies who have used this to their advantage. Developing innovative products that are environmentally or socially responsible add values and gives people a good reason to buy from that organisation (Taylorr, 2010). It attracts more investors Investors and financiers are attracted to companies who are socially responsible. These decision-makers know this reflects good management and a positive reputation. Businesses should not underestimate this influence; it can be just as important as a companys financial performance. In fact, it may be the deciding factor in choosing to support company (Taylorr, 2010). It encourages professional and personal growth Employee can develop their leadership and project management skills through a well-designed corporate social responsibility program. This may be as simple as team building exercises, encouraging employees to form relationships with people they would not normally meet (Taylorr, 2010). It helps to cut business costs Environmental initiatives such as recycling and conserving energy increase in-house efficiency and cut costs. Introducing a corporate social responsibility program gives an organisation a good reason to examine and improve on its spending (Taylorr, 2010). 6.0 Conclusion After conducting this report we have learn that departmental accounting is compulsory for an organisation with more than one department because it make business activities more effective. Another thing we have learn is it very important for a survival in a local community to perform corporate social responsibilities, without doing right for community its hard for an organisation to survive in long term. Furthermore we have learnt that it is compulsory for businesses to apply fundamental concepts while preparing financial statements.

Impact of Deforestation

Impact of Deforestation The destruction of our planets forest is one of the most important modern environmental issue today. People, 1.6 billion, are dependent on forests for their livelihoods with some 300 million living in them (Lawson). The forest industry is the basis of economic growth and employment (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). Global forest products are estimated to be worth $327 billion (Chakravarty, Ghosh and Suresh). U.S., Japanese, and European companies destroy more rain forest than other companies (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). These companies countries are rich. There is a high demand in these countries for more forest products. Their willingness to pay for rain forest products adds to the problem of deforestation. Forests cover almost a third of the earths land surface providing many environmental benefits including a major role in the hydrologic cycle, soil conservation, prevention of climate change and preservation of biodiversity (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). The problem is that the pla net has lost 30% of its forests over the past 25 years, which is the size of South Africa (Scientific American). If the current rate of deforestation, the conversion of forest to an alternative permanent non-forested land (Chakravarty, Ghosh and Suresh), continues, forests will vanish within 100 years causing unknown effects on global climate and eliminating the majority of plant and animal species on the planet (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). This is demonstrated by the change of forestland to other uses such as agriculture, infrastructure, urban development, industry and others. Deforestation began from the formation of early civilizations. The Laws of Manu is replete with passages referring to the formation of human habitat by clearing the jungle (Mahbub Uddin Ahmed). Michael Williams in his journal article, Dark ages and dark areas: global deforestation in the deep past, discuss how humans have cleared forest since man first discovered fire. Williams discusses that archaeology is showing that the clearing of the forests in Europe during the middle ages was reversed when the bubonic plague reduced the population. William describes the impact that the ancient Mayans, Inca and Aztec had on the forest of Central and South America. During the colonization of the United States and Canada, millions of Native Americans died because of the introduction of diseases letting forest reclaim their land (Williams). Even though history has seen the destruction and regrowth of forests, it has not been on the global scale we are seeing now. In fact, in the continental Unite d States, 90% of indigenous forests have been removed since 1600. In 1839, a young man named Frederick Engels wrote letters home to Germany describing what life was like in the industrializing United States at the time. He writes of the ruthless destruction of the environment and the misery that resulted on the working class (Mahbub Uddin Ahmed). Deforestation occurs in many ways. One of the first step in the process of deforestation is to clear the land for logging or mining. Usually roads are cut through forest to open the area (Steinfeld). Roads into the forest are cleared for the large equipment needed such as bulldozers, road graders and log skidders (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). The area where the roads cut through may not even be in the areas designated for logging or mining, but just the clearing of trees for these roads starts the process of deforestation for the areas the roads run through. Once the roads are completed most of the forests around the logging and mining areas are lost to agriculture, the planting of crops and the pasturing of cattle (Steinfeld). Forests are also lost to poor farmers in poverty areas especially those who live by tropical rain forests (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). In a tropical rain forest, nearly all of the nutrients are found in the plants and trees, not in the ground as in a n orthern, or temperate forest. When the plants and trees are cut down to plant crops. farmers usually burn the tree trunks to release the nutrients necessary for a fertile soil (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). When the rains come, they wash away most of the nutrients, leaving the soil much less fertile. In as little as 3 years, the ground is no longer capable of supporting crops (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). When the fertility of the ground decreases, farmers seek other areas to clear and plant, abandoning the nutrient-deficient soil. The area previously farmed is left to grow back to a rain forest. However, just as the crops did not grow well because of low nutrients, the forest will grow back just as slow because of poor nutrients. After the land is abandoned, the forest may take up to 50 years to grow back (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). Agriculture is estimated to be the main driver for around 80% of deforestation worldwide. Commercial agriculture has deforested around 2/3 of the forest in Latin America (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). The findings on global patterns of destruction show that timber extraction and logging activities account for more than 70% of total deforestation in Latin America where cattle and soy are important (Scientific American). In Africa and Asia, agriculture accounts for around 1/3 of deforestation. The timber industry has played a significant role in the deforestation of Southeast Asia where logging is followed by the creation of large palm oil and pulpwood plantations. Mining, infrastructure and urban expansion are important but less prominent (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). In Africa, the main deforestation drivers are chopping trees for firewood or making charcoal, which opens the land up to farming and livestock grazing. To get a better understanding of deforestation, we first need to examine the driving force behind it. Specifically, human beings role in deforestation. The competition is between humans and other species. This is because of a growing global population and increased demand for food and other natural resources. Many studies confirm that commercial agriculture is the largest direct driver of deforestation in most tropical countries worldwide (Scientific American). Indeed, the growth of commercial agriculture is cited as an important driver of deforestation by nearly all tropical countries (Lawson). The human impact on deforestation varies a great deal between continents. These demands are causing the loss of not only huge areas of forest but also having a major impact on the climate. Deforestation has caused other environmental problems such as increasing soil erosion, landslides, and floods. Erosion occurs a very slow rate, but because of deforestation, the rate has sped up by an estimated 10 to 40 times globally (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan). Normally, trees and plant roots slow down erosion because they hold and anchor the soil in place, which prevents its washing away. Forest also control the speed at which the rain moves through the canopy. This allows the water to trickle to the ground and absorb slowly, rather than flow over the surface and wash away the soil. Recent research suggests that about half of the precipitation that falls in a tropical rain forest is a result of its moist green canopy (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan) Deforestation of lands for agriculture and development has left large regions of the world infertile. In areas used for urban development, where the ground is covered with a layer of asphalt or concrete it is d ifficult for water to penetrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff. . In addition, the surface runoff from urban areas is polluted with fuel, oil and other chemicals. Evaporation and evapotranspiration processes from the trees and plants return large quantities of water to the local atmosphere, promoting the formation of clouds and precipitation (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan). Scientists predict that increased rainfall intensity and quantity will lead to greater rates of erosion (Akais Okia, Clement). Rising sea levels have also increased the rate of coastal erosion, which has been increasingly problematic for low lying developed areas along the coast, such as in Florida and Hawaii (Akais Okia, Clement). Less evaporation means that more of the Suns energy is able to warm the surface, which is one of the causes heating up the atmosphere. This heating up of the atmosphere and surface of the planet is causing a global climate change that is affecting weather patterns. The warming affects wind patterns and ocean currents, and these changes alter regional weather conditions. In some regions, the weather is becoming drier, leading to droughts and wildfires. In other regions, rainfall is increasing, leading to flooding. The ice sheets surrounding the North Pole and South Pole are slowly disappearing which can also lead to flooding because of the rising ocean levels (Scientific American). Polar ice melt raises ocean levels, which threatens flooding in coastal areas. Some of the worlds smaller islands might disappear completely. According to the United Nations, up to two thousand islands in Indonesia might vanish beneath the rising ocean (United Nations). Global warming is also melting mountain glaciers. Water from the melted ice causes rivers to overflow and flood places where people and animals live. Vanishing glaciers and snow packs pose another problem too. Glaciers and snow packs provide millions of people around the world with freshwater to drink (United Nations). Without those stores of water, people will need to find other sources of fresh water. Studies also suggest that global warming is probably making hurricanes stronger (United Nations) Deforestation not only contributes to global warming because of the forests interaction with water, forests absorb and store huge amounts of CO2, carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The loss of forests generates nearly 50 percent more greenhouse gases than the 25 percent of emissions contributed to the combustion of fossil fuels (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). A plant stores huge amounts of CO2 which it uses during the process of photosynthesis. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air used to be stable (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). For more than half a million years, it held steady at about 280 parts per million (280 parts of carbon dioxide per one million parts of atmosphere) (United Nations). Since, the 1800s, it has increased by about one-third (Williams). Our modern atmosphere contains about 382 parts per million of carbon dioxide-and this level is continuing to rise (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). Scientists have evidence to suggest that just tropical deforestation is responsi ble for about 20% of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions (Scientific American). When a tree is cut down or burned, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere.This growing amount of carbon dioxide is trapping more and more heat in our atmosphere. A stable amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere keeps Earths temperature stable (Scientific American). Deforestation releases that carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and destroys a resource that can store carbon dioxide humans produce in the future. At least half of Earths ten million species live in tropical rain forests even though tropical rain forests cover only 7% of the total dry surface of the Earth (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan). Scientists estimates indicate that up to 137 species disappear worldwide each day (United Nations). If rain forest loss continues at its current rate, up to one-third of rain forest species could go extinct by 2040 (Scientific American). That means deforestation could wipe out about one-sixth of Earths species.

Sleep Deprivation Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sleep deprivation has become a major problem with Americans. Over 100 million Americans today suffer from lack of sleep. This has been an ongoing problem throughout the centuries. People owe their bodies sleep and scientist are calling it a â€Å"Sleep debt†. An average American owes their body at least thirty hours of sleep. This lack of sleep is as hazardous as drunk driving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One man caught sleep deprivation at it’s best. He pushed himself to the limits as much as possible. One day he went thirty hours without sleep and was on his way to his parents for supper. On his way to his parents house he stopped on some railroad tracks and stared a train in the face until it hit him. He survived the incident with torn cartilage in his rib. It has been said that had he not had been deprived of the sleep his body needed, his reflexes would have told him that the train was going to hit him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cultural belief leads people into thinking that one can not be successful without sleep. This is the main theory that Doctor William Dement bases his study on. Dr. Dement has done marvelous work on REM sleep, sleep apnea and narcolepsy. He is sure that eating and sleeping are in the same category of importance. Eight hours of sleep a night is the minimum of sleep for one person, any less gives a sleep debt that has to be fulfilled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are feeling dizzy during the day...

College Application Essay -- Sample Application Essay

â€Å"If money is your hope for independence, you will never have it. The only real security a man will have in this world is a reserve of knowledge, experience and ability† – Henry Ford. I define myself as a student with high spirits of enthusiasm to learn and lead. I never had a satisfaction that can halt my education, since one goes keep on learning things, the need to learn more pop’s out. A person like me with high aim’s and aspirations always fetches to find a perfect platform to grab as much of knowledge as I can. In that process, I came across through a set of universities among which State University just caught my attention with its utmost emerging research and eminent faculty from across the globe. In the very beginning of my academic pursuit, I realized that I am highly interested in the aspects of theoretical learning followed by a practical application and my exposure to the real world applications; reflected in my resume at my various projects with different applications servers is evident that my thirst of knowledge is not a little tiny one. With the intervention of computer, things turned out very simple to the common public on one hand and on the other hand, it is complex to the manufacturers and providers. I started my education at my hometown and been one among the brilliant and impulsive students in my class. Graduate my tenth grade at Nehru Niketan English Medium High School in my hometown. My interest towards the computers and their mechanism’s kept on increasing with my age, that drove me opt Mathematics, physics and chemistry in my intermediate and stood one among the talented students in my batch. Then it’s time to decide on what am going to build m y career, and then my ever lasting interest on computers... ...cal Health). In the project of patient portal I worked on Microsoft SQL server 2008, using ASP. Net, C#, HTML, and Microsoft visual studio 2010. Also worked among the coding team. I got good enough skills to develop more such kind of technologies, which are really necessary, and those can satisfy the needs of consumers. My deep interest in your esteemed university is with a hope of getting the perfect platform to enhance my skills and develop the models, which improve the applications with human interface with the research-oriented techniques. State University would be the right place to quench my thirst for knowledge. Hope to see a positive reply from you all. I explained my pro’s and con’s where now it’s my turn to wait for the opportunity. â€Å" Opportunity does not knock, it presents itself when you beat down the door† – keyle Chandler. Thank you,

Regenerative Battery For Human Electric Hybrid Bicycle Engineering Essay

In this study, a proposed undertaking, the human-electric intercrossed bike, besides known as â€Å" Pedelec † driven chiefly by human bicycling force with extra aid force from the battery powered electric motor that has a regenerative power characteristic during worsening inclines.IntroductionCars have ever been indispensable for people populating in metropoliss as a signifier of transit to transport out their day-to-day modus operandi. Harmonizing to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, a astonishing figure of 77,609,901 autos and commercial vehicles were produced in the twelvemonth 2010. A 25.8 per centum alteration comparison to the old twelvemonth ( OICA, 2011 ) . Based on a research study of the Fifth U.S. Climate Action Report, transit activities contribute 33 per centum of the universe ‘s emanation of C dioxide in 2007 and about up to sixty per centum of emanation came from the burning of crude oil from personal transit ( U.S. Climate Ac tion Report, 2010 ) . Consequently, it is without uncertainty, autos are one of the major causes of planetary warming due to the emanation of green house gasses. Presently, intercrossed and electrical vehicles seems to be the leading solution to counter the job that arises from gasoline powered cars without extinguishing its advantages. However, electrical powered vehicles have its ain disadvantages as it requires a certain sum of bear downing clip. On the other manus, electric bike are doing immense moving ridges among town communities because it is less strenuous comparison to the standard bike, therefore, enable users to go longer distance without utilizing much energy. Amount of clip needed for bear downing still arises in electric bikes. The Regenerative Battery for Pedelecs on worsening terrains is able to work out the job by enabling the user to automatically bear down the bike battery during declivitous inclines.Literature ReviewElectric bike, Hybrid Bicycle and Human-Electr ic Bicycles or Pedelecs have merely late go a world-wide phenomenon due to the rise in crude oil monetary values. The engineering of these types of bikes is still comparative new and research popularity has simply get downing to lift in the past recent old ages. Therefore, there is deficiency of research documents and literature available in the country of intercrossed or electric bike in scholarly diaries or professional organisation such as the IEEE. The undermentioned literature reappraisal evaluates on eleven scholarly diaries to clarify the engineering involved in developing electric, Hybrid or Pedelecs bikes and its public presentation features. Among the 11 diaries included, a study by Muetze and Tan ( 2007 ) gave a elaborate and organized study based on the word picture of electric bike, both theoretically and by experimentation. The study includes every bit good the demands of different public presentations ideal for electric bikes and obstructions faced to back it. Regulations and safety factors for electrics bikes in states such as Japan, Europe, China and United States are outlined. Research was done to detect the advantages and disadvantages of proficient public presentations for different portion type of the bikes such as the aid type, motor, motor assembly, motor arrangement, accelerator and battery type. The study besides includes a power over velocity graph collected from consequences collected with different parametric quantities such as the influence of weight, influence of the incline and influence of air current. Consequences gathered from the study is able to supply a guideline for developing an electric bike suitable for the market tendency and better the public presentations of electric bikes for future developments. While the appraisal on the public presentation of electric bike is indispensable, energy direction excessively must be given consideration. Morchin ( 1998 ) identifies the energy consumed by electric bike and emanation of green houses gasses can be reduced by two methods. Such facets can be achieved by optimising the evaluations of the battery and engine while presenting power end product by each beginning under expected drive conditions ( Morchin, 1998 ) . In the study, an on-board â€Å" energy director † was mounted on an electric bike to track the energy degree in the battery and efficaciously split tonss between the battery and the engine. The Langrange ‘s theorem was used to cipher the energy consumed under impacting parametric quantities of air retarding force, hill inclines and clash. However, the survey done merely applies to electric powered bikes and non for intercrossed bikes or Pedelecs. Research can be done to widen for assorted types of bikes and different type of terrains. The term â€Å" intercrossed † used in the paper is instead deceptive because the paper focuses on to the full electric bike while the term â€Å" intercrossed bike † frequently refers a bike that runs on both crude oil gas and electricity or human pedal force with a battery powered motor. In a related research on power direction in electric aided bike, Brand and Ertugrul ( 2007 ) examines and discover that an in-hub direct thrust located on the front wheel of the bike could give better public presentation by electric braking and stable manoeuvring. Furthermore, the study conducted experiments on 17 riders from different classs. All riders are equally divided based on gender, weight, age, regular and irregular bicycler. The study is comprehensive and able to confirm the effectivity of the in-hub direct thrust. Additionally, the study dressed ore on measuring siting conditions of assorted type of rider group to find the optimal power demand and does no focal points on planing an option for electric bikes. It is noted in the study that aerodynamic streamlining and development of a high efficiency inverter can be a farther developed from the study. Most of the survey done about electric bikes revolves around the battery storage system. Solutions may compromise of electric regeneration ( Liu et al. , 2008 ) ; ( Somchaiwong & A ; Ponglangka, 2006 ) , or petroleum-electric bike ( Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ) ; ( Xiong, et al. , 2010 ) . Liu, et al. , ( 2008 ) designed four regenerative braking schemes by turning mechanical energy into electrical energy to widen the battery life-span. Matlab and Simulink were used to make a theoretical account of the electric motorcycle and the four proposed regenerative braking schemes. The four braking control schemes are Most Feedback Power ( MFP ) , Most System Efficiency ( MSE ) , Fixed Torque Control Strategy ( FTC ) and Fixed Feedback Current Control ( FFC ) ( Liu, et al. , 2008 ) . Clear description and illustration were given on all the four purposed schemes. The study illustrates theoretically utilizing computing machine simulations and there were no paradigm physique or practical expe riment conducted with bike users. Alternatively, Somchaiwong and Ponglangka ( 2006 ) proposed a regenerative power control system to work out the increase of rhythm velocity of motor that are excess for illustration, during a declivitous way. The research experiments on the relationship between the electromotive forces supplied and motor velocity. The consequence shows that if the rhythm motor runs on the specific velocity demand, the motor would in bend generate a specific end product electromotive force. Another prevailing solution battery jobs faced in electric bikes are petroleum-electric intercrossed bikes. Nagendran and Senthil ( 2010 ) proposed a Hybrid Bicycle with Three Speed Transmission System to work out jobs faces in current electric bikes. The purposed thought of the intercrossed bike tallies on both electric and crude oil to reload the bike ‘s battery storage system. An added characteristic to the purposed thought is a three velocity cogwheel for effectual control the velocity of the motor and IC ( Internal Combustion ) engine. The bike runs like an ordinary electric bike on Phase One. When the battery storage system is depleted, the motor would so runs on the internal burning engine. A Change Over is installed to link and disconnects the motor from the IC engine or vice-versa. A shaft coupling is used to link the concatenation thrust while a concatenation thrust is used to obtain balance of the bike. The research does non exemplify the practical building of the th ree velocity transmittal system. In a related subject, Liu, et al. , designed a LPG ( Liqufied Petroleum Gas ) – electric intercrossed bike that is able to run on to the full engine driven, to the full electric motor driven or intercrossed manner. Due to infinite restriction in the bike a four-stroke flicker ignition LPG engine power system is introduced in the research. The gasolene engine was modified into a LPG engine by increasing the compaction ratio, enlarging the flicker progress angle and increasing the ignition energy. The research besides includes the design of the transmittal system and control system of the intercrossed bike. A paradigm of the design was developed and several trials were conducted on metropolis traffic conditions. While most surveies focuses on a individual bike type such as electric bike or Pedelecs, Indulal & A ; Nair ( 2007 ) incorporates both types of bike and the execution of Fuzzy Logic as a control system. The bike runs on three different manners, Manual Mode, Power Mode and Automatic Mode. Manual Mode works like an ordinary where pedalling is required with no excess aid. Power Mode to the full runs on electricity and does non necessitate any paddling while Automatic Mode provides electric aid on top of manual pedalling. Fuzzy Logic is implemented to supply comfy equitation and sufficient thrust aid under any conditions. After the completion of the design, arrays of inputs were fed to the Fuzzy Logic Controller utilizing Matlab Simulation to analyze the end products. Consequences from the simulation found that the public presentation of the system over assorted conditions were acceptable. The research states that the design can be farther extended into larger vehicles. To optimise the potency of battery storage system, Sousa, et al. , ( 2007 ) developed an electronic convertor powered by two type power supplies, the battery and ace capacitances. Batteries are the primary storage while capacitances are used to avoid deep discharging of the battery and as a backup storage. In this research, supercapacitors are used alternatively and can able to function as a primary storage beginning. The developed system was built on the electric bike and consequences were gathered. A determination circuit is needed because the design is capable in increasing the liberty of electric vehicles to avoid high current extremum and fast discharges of the batteries. The research unfastened doors for future work such as bettering power circuit to increase efficiency and analyze the liberty by changing the function of the battery and supercapacitor. Coates and Charkey ( 2002 ) states that batteries proving on Sealed Nickel-Zinc Batteries are conducted for electric bike appli cations because it provides the same sum of energy with half the weight comparison to the standard lead-acid batteries. Hsu, et al. , ( 2011 ) poses a solution to supply comfort and safety step in different types of Pedelecs siting environment while optimising the public presentation of the battery. The quality of siting conditions can be improved by get the better ofing three forces of nature, air retarding force, clash and hill retarding force. The key to the solution is the bicycling power and entire power of the needed power should be changeless and sufficient extra power is provided to get the better of any of the three forces. The design is besides able to work out instability job in Pedelecs when the motor suddenly occurs by maintaining the instantaneous acceleration of the aided power be kept within the Safety Zone and Comfort Zone. Real environment simulation scenarios were conducted on different route types and pedal force in urban countries. Consequences confirms the design has better energy use comparison to bing conventional and delta acquisition regulation based assisted power methods. T he study provides room for farther research on work outing the method to automatically set the motor to the different type of physical conditions of the riders. After the rating of all the 11 diaries, it can be concluded that most of the diaries focuses on work outing the jobs presently faced by electric bike that provide deficient energy in the battery storage and deficient power aid. There are ample room for farther development on electric bikes and Pedelecs because it engineering is comparatively new. Further research done on this country would profit societies populating in urban country to be used as a signifier of environmental friendly transit as opposed to conventional autos and bikes.Problem StatementBased on old research done on electric bikes, most surveies concur that the depletion of crude oil and the rise in the emanation of nursery gasses are the factor that contribute to the promotion of electric bikes ( Brand & A ; Ertugrul, 2007 ; Hsu, et al. , 2011 ; Indulal & A ; Nair, 2007 ; Morchin, 1998 ; Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ; Sousa, et al. , 2007 ; Xiong, et al. , 2010 ) . In malice of this, there are still plenty of room fo r farther development and sweetening in the country of electrical bikes. The battery storage system incorporated in electric bikes provides deficient energy for long distance travels and does non transport self-charging capablenesss ( Coates & A ; Charkey, 2002 ; Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ) . Electric assisted bikes or Pedelecs confront jobs such as an disconnected drive force when the motor is triggered ( Hsu, et al. , 2011 ) .Undertaking BackgroundThe undertaking focuses on bettering the overall public presentation of electric aided bike or Pedelecs. Since there is a demand on electric bikes, it would be good for society and concern organisation to inscribe the development of Pedelecs. In a study by Time News, most electric bikes run on lead-acid batteries and are unsuitable for the lifting demands of day-to-day transit ( Ramsy, 2009 ) . Numerous solutions were established by assorted applied scientists and organisations to counter these jobs. Some research workers focus on th e regeneration of electricity from external beginnings ( Somchaiwong & A ; Ponglangka, 2006 ; Xiong, et al. , 2010 ) . While some dressed ore on utilizing typical signifiers of power direction ( Brand & A ; Ertugrul, 2007 ; Hsu, et al. , 2011 ; Morchin, 1998 ; Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ) . For the proposed Regenerative Battery for Pedelecs undertaking, it confronts both of these methods to work out the battery jobs that arise from conventional electrical bike. In add-on to replacing autos to cut down the emanation of nursery gasses, the regenerative power during a worsening gradient reduces the dependence on electricity. The coevals of electricity from Independent Power Producers ( IPP ) indirectly affect the environment. For case, the building of Hydroelectric Plant requires big countries peculiarly in distant countries and significant measures of fossil fuels are used to power up machineries ( McKinney, et al. , 2007 ) . The natural home ground, place to both vegetations and z oologies would be destroyed in the procedure. The proposed regenerative power is designed to cut down the power ingestion in the battery storage while supplying rechargeable power supply at the same clip. The regenerative power incorporated in the design would be able to work out issues associating to the deficient power in the battery storage system. It would be able to spread out the life rhythm of the battery for longer distance travels. Most electric bike proprietors today complain that electric bikes do non supply sufficient power aid. The latest Pedelecs today has power-assistance during hill mounting or on irregular surface roads to supply the extra encouragement without holding the rider to exercise much force. However, Hsu, et al. , ( 2011 ) states that there are deficient power aid to get the better of three forces, air retarding force, clash and hill retarding force. Air retarding force and clash does non necessitate much power comparison to hill retarding force. The moto r of the power aid provides adequate force to get the better of hill retarding force, clash or air drag while the bicycling power by the rider remains changeless. This would be enable riders to conserve energy for longer equitation. Most seniors find that conventional bikes are strenuous and unsafe. Therefore, some seniors would instead remain in the comfort of their places without acquiring much exercising and fresh air. Pedalecs would be able to promote seniors to get the better of their fright towards conventional bikes. In urban town countries, acquiring out purchasing some food markets would sometimes be a fuss particularly if the food market store is non within walking distance. Most people today would instead drive their auto out to purchase some fruits and veggies or to bring the day-to-day newspaper. It is a really unhealthy wont that began to attest among the town citizens. Little did they know that acquiring fresh air by cycling or taking a day-to-day amble would better the wellbeing of the individual and reduces wellness hazard such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Harmonizing to a Congressional Report, less than one trip in one hundred per centum is by bike ( Congress, 2002 ) . The study besides mentioned that frequent motorcycle trips would besides bring around the dependence of tobacco users and alkies. Regenerative braking in electric bikes is deriving popularity excessively. The Panasonic Vivi RX 10-S characteristics a braking system that recharges a 10AH Li-ion secondary hitter located following to rise up wheel of the bike ( Toto, 2008 ) . Liu, et al. , ( 2008 ) mentioned that braking control can be used to change over mechanical energy to electric energy by bettering battery life-span. Using the same theory, the proposed design is able to do usage of hilly countries to bring forth electricity. Since no energy is needed for bike traveling downhill, the bike still moves downwards due to the forces of gravitation. For certain instances, with the regenerative power, braking is non required because the regenerator is able to cut down the velocity of the overall bike while traveling downhill.MethodologyThe range of this research is divided into five phases. The clip range of the undertaking is expected to be completed in 9 months. Research At the beginning of the Final Year Undertaking, intensive research on the country of electric bikes must be done before designing of the undertaking takes topographic point. Research would be an explanatory research in the beginning to obtain an overview on the research country and to detect options to the research aim. Evaluation on other research documents done to place the new developments in engineering and suites for farther surveies is noted. Solutions can be developed by admiting the job faced by the society today. Qualitative Research such as studies and Questionnaires can be conducted to place the current job faced for farther development. This is of import because the success of a merchandise is determined by run intoing the demand of society today. Brainstorming Sessionss are required after the gathered information is evaluated to find the feasibleness of the undertaking and to get assorted options to the job. This phase is expected to finish within a month. Design The designing procedure takes topographic point after the rating of the collected information is finalised. A basic construct should be achieved at this phase. All the cognition on mechanics, electronics and scheduling is required to plan the proposed thought. Computer simulations are to be usage to design and prove the feasibleness of the thought. Autodesk Inventor can be used to build the model and supply a ocular overview of the bike. Matlab and Labview can be used in the scheduling development of the regenerative power system. Computer simulations are used before the building of the bike to virtually imitating the design while cut downing unneeded outgo. This phase is expected to finish in 2 months. Execution The execution phase involves constructing the paradigm based on the finalized design. A conventional bike is required as the chief construction of the design. Motor, Lithium Ion Battery and Transmission System is needed to modify the bike into an electrical-assisted bike. Torque Sensors, Slope Sensors or Tilt Sensors are installed to feel when the motor is needed. The Slope or Tilt Detectors can be replaced by Apple Application known as Gyroscope for an excess appealing characteristic. Additional hardware such as a state-of-charge index, power check hub and throttle switch can be added subsequently on. This phase is expected to finish in 3 months. Testing The proving stage involves the practical appraisal on the now to the full built bike. Assorted trials would be performed to find the public presentation of the full system. Two types of proving can be conducted, laboratory testing and field testing. Laboratory proving involves a set of variables such as power, efficiency, rhythm velocity, life-span of the rechargeable battery and the motor. For field testing, a laptop with a PCMIA card is incorporated to the system to get the information. The proving would affect around 20 voluntaries from different age group, gender, weight and physical fittingness degree. All voluntaries have to travel through a predetermine way with different type of terrain in an urban country. The laptop is used to enter informations such as bicycling torsion, bike velocity and applied power. The information collected is to be used to measure the public presentation of the system. A set of feedback signifiers could be given out at the terminal of the proving to estimate the satisfactory degree of each voluntary towards the system. This phase is expected to finish in 2 months. Report Report authorship is to be conducted at the terminal of all the four phases. The range and design procedure in constructing the system are to be complied. The information collected are tabulated in graph and figures to exemplify the results. This phase is expected to finish within month. Restrictions There is some restriction that would be encountered in the procedure of implementing the system. Budget constrain would be a factor due to the dearly-won hardware needed to build the bike. A life-size paradigm is more appropriate because a smaller-scale paradigm would non be functioning its intent. In a newspaper study by The Star, due to safety issues, electric bikes may be taken off the route if the Cabinet accepts a recommendation from the Transport Ministry ( Kong, 2011 ) . If the amendment of censoring electric bike is implemented throughout the state ; it may besides impact the field-testing of the system.Research AimsThis survey embarks on the undermentioned aims: To bring forth an environmental friendly transit as an option to petrol ingestion autos To work out instability issues affecting the disconnected acceleration when the motor is turned on To supply an alternate regenerative power on worsening inclines to lengthen the life-span of the battery storage system To better the overall public presentation to Pedelecs that are available in the market today To plan a signifier of transit for suited in dense populated urban countriesResearch QuestionWhat are the current impact on the environment and ways to work out the job? What are the current issues faced by electric bike? What add-on or alternate regenerative power can be installed to conventional electric bikes? What can be done to appeal to the market section to purchase the merchandise? How to work out issues affecting unhealthy wonts of the society by trusting on autos for short distance travels?Significance of the UndertakingThe proposed regenerative bike would be able to function as a stepping rock for farther development on electric assisted bikes. Surveies by other researches can be done by mentioning of the design system used and the information collected. Restrictions and jobs identified can be solved by future research. The proposed design hopes to significantly cut down the emanation of nurseries gasses emitted by gasoline goaded autos. If the design meets the demands of the society, industries would get down bring forthing more electrical assisted-bicycle which in return, reduces the market monetary value of the system to make out to all sections of the society.Expected ConsequencesThe expected result of this undertaking is to successfully develop a working existent size electrical aid bike paradigm capable of change overing mechanical energy to electrical energy. From the undertaking, fresh theories can be established that would indirectly profit other countries of scientific disciplines. Furthermore, the theories presented would take to implementation for future possible applications. The tabular matters of informations collected from the undertaking is to besides promote possible research workers particularly budget constrain research workers to prosecute in the country of electric powered vehicles. A stable managing electrical assisted bike is expected to be built to supply safe and comfy siting experience. In return, physically fit or unphysical tantrum riders would be able to make full the joy of siting a bike for going or recreational usage. The design and engineering incorporated in the undertaking is expected to appeal to the society and supply as an option to autos and bikes. This would straight cut down C footmark and slower the procedure of planetary heating.